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Genealogy Proof Series – Creating Genealogy Proof Tables

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This is the fifth article in the Genealogy Proof Series.

For maximum advantage, I recommend reading these articles in publication order.

In earlier articles, we’ve detailed how to gather resources for specific locations, how and where to search for surnames and the process of extracting and recording information from those sources.

Now, it’s time to use that information and assemble it in a logical way to provide “proof” that the person by the name of “John Smith,” or whoever you’re seeking, is actually YOUR John Smith.

I use a technique that I call Genealogy Proof Tables. We will cover two types here. You’ll need the first one to complete the second one.

Genealogy Proof Tables

Genealogy proof tables have two purposes:

  • Individual Proof Tables – For an individual ancestor, to compile the various pieces of evidence to prove a connection to their parent or parents and their child or children.
  • Lineage Proof Table – Evidence for an entire lineage, proving connections between all of the individuals in the lineage, one by one in both directions. For a lineage proof table we prove a connection to the parent and also to the descendant that is your ancestor for each generation.

Please note that sometimes you actually wind up disproving a relationship, or realizing you need more information, but that’s equally as important. Nothing worse than wasting time by barking up the wrong tree.

A genealogy proof table is a working document that can be used to focus on each ancestor in every ancestral line. What’s included in a proof table varies by which records are available, the timeframe and circumstances.

You may want to prepare proof tables to help yourself focus and evaluate your data. Proof tables can be sent to someone who asks questions like:

  • How do you know that?
  • What is your proof?
  • What are your sources to identify John as the son of George?

People should be asking those questions, and researchers should be able to answer them. You need to answer them for yourself for your own ancestors, even if no one asks.

The answer to these questions may well be that you’re still working on “proof,” but you’ll at least want to have documented everything available to date. For me, doing these exercises helps me think about what’s still missing and looking for additional sources if I actually don’t have “proof.”

Generally, I create a proof table for a specific ancestor, which I then roll up into a comprehensive proof table for the line. This approach helps me identify which pieces of evidence are conclusive and which ones are not.

The purpose of a proof table is to compile and rank information about that ancestor’s connection to their parents, including negative evidence. It’s not meant to be “everything I know” about that ancestor, just the things that relate to proving that this ancestor is in FACT the child of his parent or parents.

What is Proof?

Isn’t this the question of the ages for genealogists? I wrote an article, Ancestors: What Constitutes Proof?, here. In that article, I’ve provided a list of what isn’t proof and some challenges you may face.

Aside from what I’ll term normal genealogy roadblocks to be overcome, there are other challenges as well.

For example, you can have a birth certificate, a death certificate, a will, and personal knowledge that a person lived with their parents – but that child could have been adopted, or the father might not have been the biological father.

In this case, paper proof, no matter how compelling, isn’t actual proof. It can prove the identity of the person, but alone, cannot prove a biological relationship connection.

Sometimes, DNA evidence outweighs everything else, but without DNA evidence, paper proof is the closest we can get. The BCG defines the Genealogical Proof Standard, here.

We need our evidence to be as conclusive as possible.

What does Conclusive Mean?

Conclusive evidence means that any other evidence cannot reliably contradict it, or it’s so strong that it overbears any other evidence. (Thank you Bar Prep Hero.)

In a nutshell, that’s your goal – and all evidence is not created equal.

Evidence is Weighted

Some evidence is better or more solid than other evidence.

Furthermore, sometimes one single piece of evidence isn’t conclusive, but multiple pieces of evidence, taken together, create a body of work and are considered a “preponderance of evidence.” Having said that, I often cringe when I hear that term because sometimes it means there really isn’t good evidence or not enough research has been done.

How good is good enough? You can only work with what’s available and what you have. Unfortunately, one cannot unburn the courthouse!

Sometimes, you’ll need to use DNA evidence. From my perspective, you ALWAYS need to utilize DNA evidence to confirm at least the closest generations.

By closest, I mean that second cousins or closer always match, and you can often reliably use autosomal DNA within, minimally, 5 or 6 generations, but circumstances vary.

Many times I have solid matches to descendants of ancestors 9 or 10 generations in the past, but as you can see in this graphic created by Dr. Paul Maier at FamilyTreeDNA, beginning at eight generations, you may not inherit any DNA from a particular ancestor. Of course, to match someone else, you both need to have inherited the same DNA segment(s) from that ancestor.

You can almost always use Y-DNA to establish relationships beyond what autosomal can confirm, but with both Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA, you need someone who is appropriately descended from the ancestor in question, as illustrated in this three-generation chart. Sometimes, you need two people descended from that ancestor, preferably through different children, because their Y-DNA or mitochondrial DNA needs to match.

Every situation is different.

How Much Evidence is Enough?

It depends.

Enough for what?

  • Enough to prove that your parent is the child of their parents?
  • Enough to prove to yourself that you’re searching in the right ancestral line?
  • Enough to prove that this John Doe is the same John Doe that moved from Virginia to someplace else, or conversely, the John Doe in Missouri is the one who moved from Virginia?
  • Enough to quality for a lineage society?

Again, from my perspective, enough is not enough until you have looked at every piece of evidence that even MIGHT be relevant for that ancestor.

Essentially, all of this is a bit fluid, so let’s look at an example.

Individual Proof Table

Let’s begin with a proof table for one person.

I’m going to create a proof table to attempt to prove that my paternal grandfather, William George Estes, is the son of Lazarus Estes and Elizabeth Vannoy.

I’ll be using actual documents and information from my files.

If you want to read my 52 Ancestors articles about these people, you can find William George Estes, here, Lazarus Estes, here, and Elizabeth Vannoy, here. I’m not specifically trying to prove that my father, William Sterling Estes, is the son of William George Estes, but some documents cover both men – plus, there’s the possibility of same-name confusion, given that both of their first names are William. I swear, every generation in this family has both Johns and Williams.

To begin, there are a few mandatory categories on every chart. For example, I always use the census when it’s available. You should include these categories even if you don’t have evidence for them, because it reminds you if you’ve searched and the search came up with nothing.

Some categories would be expanded, such as Organizational Societies. For example, if there’s a separate History and Genealogy Society for that county, you would want to check both, as well as the local library and regional or state organizations.

You’ll notice that I’ve assigned a weight to each piece of evidence. Weighting is subjective. Aunt Margaret was the daughter of Wiliam George Estes, so she should know – but often, she didn’t provide any source, like a document or Bible, and she was a bit “eccentric.” In some circumstances, I might weigh what she provided as a 5, but in the first item, I only gave it a 4 because she provided other dates that I found to be erroneous. Memories do fail people.

Red items are direct, confirming evidence of the relationship and that the William George Estes, my grandfather, is the same William George Estes who is the son of Lazarus Estes. Names are spelled or misspelled the way they are in the original source.

William George Estes Information Source Weight (1-5) Comments
Birth March 30, 1873 Aunt Margaret 4 Birth certificates not available in 1873
Father Lazarus Estes
Mother Elizabeth Vannoy
Identity of Parents From letters and discussions 1980s, 1990s Aunt Margaret, Aunt Minnie, children and grandchildren of William G. Estes 5 They knew their grandparents
1880 Census Wm. G. Estis age 7, listed with parents Lazarus and Elisibeth Estis, and siblings, including sister Cornie Claiborne County, TN Dist 8, page 107 on Ancestry 5 Family lives between William G.’s future wife’s uncles
1890 Census destroyed
Marriage Ollie Bolton, Sept 26, 1892. Claiborne County Marriage Index, page 382 5 No parents given
1900 census William G. age 27, with wife, Ollie, and two children Claiborne County, TN Dist 8, page 113 5 Lives next door to Lazarus and Elizabeth Estes and next to his sister Cornie and her husband
1910 census Age 38, with Ollie and two children, Estle and Robert Claiborne County, Civil Dist 4 5 Lives beside sister Cornie and her husband, three houses from Lazarus
Home Location – 1913 Family photos taken in 1913 and labeled “Fowler” Provided by Margaret 5 Written on the back of the family pictures
Home Location Fowler, Indiana Sept 1915 Newspaper article 5 Sons Wm. and Joe ran away and were returned to parents in Fowler
William G. Estes’s divorce from Ollie Fowler, Indiana Aunt Margaret 3 Ollie caught him cheating with her cousin Joyce Hatfield, who was visiting them in Indiana
Divorce from Ollie Unknown, maybe 1916 or 1917 Inferred
Children William S. and Joe “run away” to their grandparents 1915/1916 Fowler, Indiana to Claiborne County, TN Aunt Margaret’s letter, Uncle George, 1915 newspaper articles stated that they tried to run away but got caught 5 Margaret said that when William G. and Ollie divorced,  neither wanted sons Wm. and Joe, 13 and 11, and the boys jumped trains to make their way back to their grandparents, Lazarus and Elizabeth
William George returned to Claiborne County 1916/1917 ish Uncle George Estes, family historian 5 Lazarus was furious when William G. returned after cheating on Ollie and abandoning the boys and threw William G. out of Estes Holler
Move to Harlan County, KY After being thrown out of Estes Holler when he and Ollie divorced Uncle George, Aunt Margaret, Estel’s daughter 5 Settled in Harlan County, KY, just over the border from Claiborne Co., TN
Divorce from Ollie Unknown, about 1916/1917ish Fowler, Ind newspaper August 30, 1917 2 Ollie listed without Wm G and as visiting where she used to live
Marriage Joyce Hatfield, unknown if or when/where married Census, daughter Virginia’s birth Nov. 1918. 3 Inferred, no document found
Child Irene’s Death* August 1, 1916 – Irene Estes, mother Joyce Fury Shawnee, Claiborne Co., TN Informant of the death of daughter, Irenia.

*Please note that this has since been disproven. This William B. Estes who married Josie Fury is not our William G. Estes who married Joicie Hatfield.
Military/draft Registration – signed Sept. 12, 1918, gives birthdate as March 30, 1873 Tazewell, Claiborne County, TN 5 Wife is listed Joisce Estes.
1920 census Age 47, lives with Joise and daughter Virginia Claiborne Civil District 4 5 Future third wife, Crosha Brewer, and her child are living with them as lodgers
Divorce Joice Hatfield Unknown, approx 1921 or 1922 inferred Based on Crosha’s children’s ages
Son William S. Estes’s marriage to Martha Dodder Dec. 12, 1921 Calhoun County, MI 5 Parents are given as Ollie Estes and W. G. Estes
Wm G. Estes child with Croshia Brewer Josephine born March 19, 1923 Springdale, Arkansas 5 Birth certificate, death certificate, census
William George Estes Marriage Croshia Louise Brewer, Feb. 3, 1925, Wise County, VA VA Marriage Registers, page 171 5 Parents given as Lazarus & Elizabeth Estes
1930 census Cannot find the family
1940 census Age 67, living with Crochie and their 2 daughters Harlan Co., KY Lynch dist 5
1940s or 50s Photo with “his sister Cornie” and also one with “Worth Epperson” Claiborne County, TN 5 Photo is labeled and provided by Cornie’s family, who knew him
1950 census 76, lives with Crocie, daughter and boarder Harlan County, KY 5 My mother visited William G. and Crocie with my father in the 1950s.
Cornie Estes Epperson’s 1958 death certificate Born June 22, 1878 to Lazarus Estes and Betty Vannoy, age 79, died Feb. 18, 1958 Death Certificate 5 Correlates to census dates and other data indicating she is the daughter of Lazarus and sister of William G.
Cornie Epperson Obituary Gives Will Estes, of Lynch, KY as her brother. Newspaper clipping 4 Does not give her paents
William Sterling Estes obituary Aug. 28, 1963, Star Press in Muncie, Indiana, page 3 Residence Dunkirk, IN 4 Lists surviving father as W. G. Estes, Cumberland, KY
William George Estes’s death Nov 29, 1971, lived in Harlan Co., KY Kentucky Death Index 5 Parents not given
Obituary Parents not given, living children include Estil, Virginia, Margaret, and Minnie, their locations provided Nov. 30, 1971, Middlesboro Tribune 4 His nephew, Cornie Estes Epperson’s son, Kermit Epperson is a pallbearer
Social Security Claims Index for William G. Jan. 15, 1972 claim, birth 1873 Ancestry 5 SS # given, but no parents given
Social Security Claims Index for my father, William Sterling Estes No claim filed
Will No, rechecked film at FamilySearch 7-8-2024.
Legal No, checked court index in Harlan County
Land Tax No tax lists
Personal Tax No tax lists
Deeds Yes, 1915 deed from Lazarus to Cornie and Worth Epperson where they must pay his other heirs Claiborne County deed book, in person 5 Cornie Estes Epperson to pay William Estes $120
William George Estes signed receipt and release On July 22, 1957, Will signed on the edge of the above deed, releasing the claim on the deed and stating that the $120 had been paid. 5 Confirms his relationship to Lazarus Estes and Cornie Estes Epperson
Sibling Documents Have not looked extensively beyond Cornie
Newspapers Need to revisit when Claiborne County, TN newspapers are digitized
Organizational Searches such as Historical Societies Have not looked recently, need to recheck local libraries
DNA ThruLines to John Y. Estes, father of Lazarus Estes Ancestry 5 Proven via 35 cousin connections to Lazarus’s parents through 3 of John’s siblings
DNA Lazarus Estes ThruLines at Ancestry through Lazarus’s children Ancestry 5 20 matches, 9 through William George, 7 through Cornie, 5 through Charlie Thomas Estes
DNA at FamilyTreeDNA My autosomal matches to Buster Estes, Lazarus’s grandson FamilyTreeDNA 5 Including 556 matches in common and many triangulated segments to descendants of Wm. G., Lazarus, John Y. Estes and upstream ancestors
Other Relationship to wives and children Letters from Aunt Margaret 3 or 4 Clearly states relationship of William G. and Lazarus
Other Relationship to wives and children Letters from William G. to my father 3 or 4 Clearly states relationship of William G. with his siblings and family members

Some types of information are notably unreliable. For example, obituaries may omit people or confuse relationships. William George Estes’s obituary omits his daughter and incorrectly notes her husband, his son-in-law, as William’s child.

Death certificates often give parents incorrectly, especially the mother’s birth surname.

The names of parents in both obituaries and on death certificates are often third-hand information provided by people who are at least two generations removed and are under significant stress at that time. My mother’s obituary was republished two times due to errors made AFTER I provided correct information.

We have several pieces of information that strongly suggest that the William George Estes who was born to Lazarus Estes and Elizabeth Vannoy is the same William George Estes that married Ollie Bolton, but there’s more.

We know for sure that William Estes, who married Croshie/Crosha Brewer, is the same person because his parents are given in the county marriage record book. This is first-hand information and judged to be more reliable because we can reasonably expect that William George knew who his parents were, or at least who they were supposed to be.

If we discount entirely the fact that my aunts personally knew Lazarus as their grandfather, and look only at the paper evidence, we just need to tie William George in his later life to the same William George in his earlier life.

Here’s a photo passed from William George’s daughters to me. Cornie Epperson’s grandchildren had this same photo showing William George Estes with his sister, Cornie Epperson.

Here’s another with Will Estes and Cornie’s husband, Worth Epperson.

Cornie’s children told many stories about their Uncle Will, who rode the bus from Harlan County to Claiborne County, as he didn’t drive. The legendary favorite story was about the time that Will had a bullet in his shirt pocket. It accidentally got mixed into his pipe tobacco, which he put into his pipe and was smoking on the bus.

Yes, the bullet blew up. No one was hurt, and miraculously, the driver didn’t crash. Nevertheless, Will was banished from riding the bus forever thereafter.

That story alone connects the William George Estes living in Lynch, in Harlan County, as the same person, as do his children from all three wives. So do letters from my aunt to family members discussing several people involved, and letters from Will himself in the early 1960s detailing some pretty spicy antics.

However, we’re looking for more than oral history. What other documents do we have?

The Smoking Deed

This deed serves, in essence, as the will of Lazarus Estes and his wife, both of whom conveyed this deed.

Thankfully, it identifies both Cornie and William as their heirs, along with several other children, although it never actually states that the people mentioned are their children. The census confirms that these people, Cornie and William George, along with Martha (Estes) Norris, Charlie Estes, and Lum (James Columbus) Estes mentioned, are their children.

If you’re still wondering if William George Estes is their son, notice the release of lien, stamped on the upper left-hand side of the page decades later, in 1957, with his signature.

This signature matches Will’s other handwriting on letters that he sent in the 1960s, in my possession, and on my father’s delayed birth certificate signed in 1952.

This document provides their relationship, the type of evidence submitted, and both of their addresses and signatures. Evidence doesn’t get much better than this.

For additional signature confirmation, William G. signed his 1918 draft registration in Claiborne County. In Harlan County, KY, in 1957, he signed the delayed birth certificate for his son, Estle, who was born in Springdale, Arkansas, in November of 1894.

When Evidence Isn’t Conclusive

Unfortunately, this situation happens often, especially with generations further back in time where less information is available. Let’s look at an example.

Genealogists tried for years, decades actually, to identify the parents of John R. Estes.

His son was named John Y. Estes.

No one knew what the R. stood for, nor what the Y. stood for. Truthfully, we still don’t, at least not for sure.

Here’s what was said:

  • John R. Estes’s mother was Mary Younger, who was married to George Estes. This claim was made because John R.’s son was named John Y. Estes, the Y. standing for “Younger.” That was the hypothesis, but it was stated as fact.
  • The middle initial R in John R. Estes stands for Regan or Reagan because his grandson, John Reagan Estes, son of John Y. Estes, was “named for his grandfather.” This was told to me by his grandchildren who were living in the early 1990s, as information they were told.

I fully understand why one would think those are possibilities or why conclusions might be drawn. They are clearly possibilities, but without additional evidence, that’s all they are. Eventually, that possibility begins to be passed along as a fact. Then, people don’t want to question what was passed down from “people who should know.”

So, let me play devil’s advocate here.

The Y in John Y. could stand for any number of things. For example, the surname Yancey is also found in Halifax County, Virginia. Y could have come from anyplace. At that point in time, we were searching for the parents of John R. Estes, so Mary Younger seemed to make sense.

Having said that, we now know that John Y. Estes’s grandmother WAS Mary Younger, BUT, that does NOT mean that the Y. stands for Younger, nor does it serve as any kind of concrete evidence.

Might it stand for Younger? Yes, of course. But the Y itself serves only as a potential hint.

Can you use it for evidence? Nope, not without more information. I’ve searched high and low, so if you find “Younger” in a reliable record for this man, by all means, let me know. While confirmation would be wonderful, we really don’t NEED to know like we do with Reagan.

John Reagan Estes (1871-1960), the son of John Y. Estes, could well have been named for his grandfather, John R. Estes (1787-1885). John was his father’s first name as well as his grandfather’s. That does NOT mean that that Reagan was John R. Estes’s middle name. We have no idea where Reagan comes from. If I had a letter from John Reagan’s mother or sister, for example, saying John Reagan was named for his grandpa Estes, who was also named John Reagan, that would be evidence because we have a contemporaneous source and know the information wasn’t assumed or constructed later to “fit” the question about John R. Estes’s middle name.

I have dug for years for any Reagan connection to the Estes line, or to the wives’ lines in upstream generations in Virginia, hoping to prove that Reagan genealogical connection. I have never found it, although that clearly doesn’t mean it’s not there. For all we know, Reagan could have been the name of the preacher or the doctor who delivered someone. It may or may not have anything to do with John R. Estes, and even if it does, Reagan may not be an ancestral surname.

So, if you’re taking yourself down the path of ascribing too much weight to information that may or may not be evidence – don’t. What you can do that’s beneficial is more research. If you think the Y or the R might be a hint, DIG!!! You just might find that evidence. If you haven’t utilized the new FamilySearch full-text AI search, by all means, do. These are the perfect types of situations to research using this amazing tool.

Treat everything as a hint, but it’s not evidence until it’s confirmed.

While we’ve since proven that, indeed, John R. Estes is the son of Mary Younger using other types of evidence, the middle initial R. and the middle name Reagan two generations later still is and may remain a mystery.

In the Weeds

At this point, you might be thinking that we are SO FAR DOWN IN THE WEEDS, and you’d be right, but the answers to our specific question are found here.

Our original goal was to prove that William George Estes was the son of Lazarus Estes and Elizabeth Vannoy.

The items bolded in red in the Individual Proof Table for William George Estes, above, individually and certainly cumulatively “prove” that relationship, as far as a paper trail can go.

The other information, especially taken together, supports that and, more importantly, does not dispute or provide contradictory or conflicting evidence about any of the other evidence. In other words, we have concensus.

Lineage Proof Table

The table below is designed to document the proof that the individual listed under the name column is, in fact, the child of the father and mother below. Other information from the Individual Proof Table that we completed above is omitted because it’s not needed in a Lineage Proof Table.

The Proof rows between the child and their parents are the proof, or the best evidence we have, that connects the child conclusively to the parent or parents. Sometimes that proof can arrive indirectly, such as a sibling’s obituary that lists your ancestor as their sibling – allowing you to connect the sibling who died and your ancestor both to their parents through the census or other documents.

Proof listed will vary and could be personal knowledge (someone you knew within your lifetime), a Bible, a will, a deed, an obituary, a church baptismal document, a pension application, census records, and more.

The best proof, of course, is multiple contemporaneous pieces of evidence.

Proof can also be negative proof. For example, if there was a will but this person was missing, that should be noted. However, that alone is NOT negative proof, as sometimes a child who had already received their inheritance was not mentioned. It does need to be listed because, when combined with other evidence, it may become very important. So is the wording of the will. For example, does it say “all my children,” but omit the person you’re searching for?

Proofs also must take into consideration things like individuals with the same name. In other words, we need to prove that THAT particular John was the son of THAT particular George.

There are times when one must dig deeply as well as far and wide, using siblings and the FAN (friends and neighbors) methodology to reveal a nugget or put enough information together from multiple sources to prove a relationship collectively. For example, I have found proof two generations downstream in Virginia chancery suits that detail the descendants of someone who died and left a will two or three generations earlier.

If this Lineage Proof Table was for my own use, I would utilize a spreadsheet, and I would provide links and more detailed information. For ease of use in this article, I’ve constructed a chart here.

The entire purpose of this lineage document is to unquestionably connect the generations. If these proofs are strong and unquestionable, the only piece of evidence that could upend all of them, together, is an unknown DNA event where a parent or parents are not the individuals reflected in the non-genetic proofs.

Name Birth & Loc Death & Loc Father Mother DNA Confirmed
Me William Sterling Estes Separate lineage proof for mother’s line Father confirmed via paternal half-sister’s children and cousins’ autosomal DNA matches..
Proof My birth certificate, newspaper announcements
Proof Father’s obituary
Proof Social Security application after my father’s death
Proof Personal knowledge, photos, and memories
Proof DNA match at the expected level to my half-sister’s descendants and our upstream Estes relatives
William Sterling Estes Oct. 1, 1902 or 3, Tazewell, TN Aug. 27, 1963, Jay County, IN William George Estes 1873-1971 Ollie Bolton 1874-1955 Autosomal DNA matches to multiple Estes cousins & half-sister’s children
Proof Census and newspaper articles identifying my father as his parents’ child
Proof My father’s marriage license, personal knowledge, and his delayed birth certificate
Proof Death certificate and obituary
Proof Aunts’ knowledge and family letters
William George Estes March 30, 1873, Tazewell, TN Nov. 29, 1971, Harlan Co., KY Lazarus Estes 1845-1916/1918 Elizabeth Vannoy 1846-1918 Autosomal DNA triangulated to multiple descendants of both Lazarus Estes and Elizabeth Vannoy.
Proof Deed to Worth and Cornie Epperson where Lazarus lists William George Estes as one of his heirs – Claiborne Co., Deed Book M2, page 371.
Proof Various censuses showing parents and siblings, including sister Cornie Estes Epperson
Proof Marriage license to Crocie Brewer lists his parents
Proof Cousin George Estes knew these people and was at the funeral of Lazarus when he was a child, plus Aunt Margaret’s letters
Lazarus Estes May 1845, Claiborne Co., TN 1916-1918, Claiborne Co., TN John Y. Estes 1818-1895 Rutha Dodson 1820-1903 Y-DNA confirmed to haplogroup of Moses Estes, autosomal triangulated to descendants of Lazarus and Elizabeth and upstream ancestors through multiple matches.
Proof 1850 and 1860 census with his parents, 1870 census where he lives one house from parents with wife and children, 1880 census where his wife is still living a few houses from his parents, with their children, and John is found in Montague Co., TX
Proof October 1865 deed where John Y. Estes deeds all his possessions to his eldest son, Lazarus. Claiborne Co., Deed book B1, page 37
John Y. Estes December 29, 1818, Halifax Co., VA Sept. 19, 1895, Montague Co., TX John R. Estes 1785/88-1885 Nancy Ann Moore c 1785-1860/1870 Y-DNA confirmed through multiple sons. Autosomal triangulates to several descendants through multiple lines of other children.
Proof Personal written knowledge of Claiborne County attorney, P. G. Fulkerson, published in the local newspaper who listed parents, wife, siblings, and children of John Y. Estes and wife and children of John R. Estes
Proof John R. Estes signed as a witness for John Y. Estes in 1865 when he deeded goods to son Lazarus “for natural love and affection.” In 1850 census John R. Estes lives near sons Jechonias and John Y. Estes
Proof John Y. Estes’s and John R. Estes’s death conveyed in letters between family in Claiborne County, TN, Texas, and Oklahoma
John R. Estes 1785-1788, Halifax Co., VA May 1885, Claiborne Co., TN George Estes 1763-1869 Mary Younger  ~1775-1820/1830 Y-DNA confirmed through multiple lines. Autosomal confirmed triangulation of multiple lines of his children and his ancestors. Descendants’ DNA triangulates to that of Nancy Ann Moore’s ancestors.
Proof Halifax County 1812 personal property tax list where John R. Estes is listed as the son of George Estes and lives next to him.
Proof Halifax Co., VA chancery suit dealing with property of Moses Estes, father of George Estes, lists John R. and his wife’s name and location in Tennessee as Moses’s descendants.
Proof War of 1812 pension application
George Estes Feb. 3, 1763, Amelia Co., VA July 1859, Halifax Co., VA Moses Estes Jr. 1742-1813 Luremia Combs c1742-1820/1830 Y-DNA haplogroup descended from Moses Estes Sr. 1711-1787 and autosomal from his maternal and paternal lines, both.

I’ll stop here because you clearly understand the process. If I were applying for membership in a lineage society, I would simply continue this chart until I reached the individual in question. In this example, George Estes is a Revolutionary War soldier, so I could apply for DAR membership, assuming I meet their various criteria.

Another aid in documenting your ancestors is lineage organizations and their records, but keep in mind that their evidence, especially that submitted decades ago, may not be sufficient today.

DNA Confirmation

DNA can either confirm this relationship, even without a paper trail, or conversely, it can burn it all down.

The closer in time a DNA relationship is, the more likely you’ll be able to confirm it using autosomal DNA.

Sometimes, Y-DNA is a consideration, and it certainly would be in this circumstance, except that I’m not a male, and we don’t have a living Estes male descended directly from William George Estes (through all males) to test.

Mitochondrial DNA can’t be used in this circumstance either since William George Estes’s children have their mother’s mitochondrial DNA, not his.

For the purposes of today’s proof, I used the Family Finder autosomal DNA test.

Buster Estes, now deceased, grandson of Lazarus Estes through his son Charlie Tomas Estes, is my 1C1R, (first cousin once removed). He tested both his Y-DNA and took the autosomal  Family Finder test for me many years ago.

Additionally, Cornie Epperson’s grandchild and great-grandchild, my second cousin and 2C1R, agreed to autosomal DNA testing for me as well. Cornie’s grandchild agreed to test their mitochondrial DNA, which descends from Elizabeth Vannoy – for which I remain immensely grateful.

All of these cousins match me, as well as each other, appropriately, as would be expected for their respective relationships to me and to each other.

Since then, additional descendants of Lazarus Estes and Elizabeth Vannoy have tested and match others at the appropriate, expected level.

I also match other descendants of Elizabeth Vannoy’s parents, as do my cousins, so I can literally walk both Estes and Vannoy segments back in time.

In this case, NOT matching close Estes relatives would conclusively prove that I’m NOT related to the more distant Estes family.

However, if I didn’t match, it’s also possible that my father would not have matched those people either. I don’t have a full sibling through my father, but I do have a half-sibling whose descendants I match appropriately for the expected relationship. That proves that I’m my father’s biological child.

My half-sister died before DNA testing. NOT matching my sister’s descendants would confirm that we were not sisters, meaning we did not share the same father. One or the other of us would probably match Estes descendants, such as our second cousins. Fortunately, we match each other and Estes descendants.

Unfortunately, my half-brother Dave did not match me, nor any Estes family members, providing that we did not share a biological father – a heartbreaking discovery. He’s still my brother though, just not biologically, and I loved him dearly. (For the record, I found Dave’s father and his family after his death.)

I can prove that my father descends from his father because I also match the descendants of my father’s paternal half-siblings, as expected.

I also match (and triangulate with) the descendants of my grandfather’s sibling, Cornie Epperson, as expected, which proves my connection back to Lazarus and, therefore, my father and grandfather’s connection to Lazarus, too.

By the time we reach John R. Estes, son of George Estes, we can also use Y-DNA. While I personally can’t test for the Estes Y-DNA, a descendant of John R. Estes has taken the Big Y-700 test, needed for this level of detail, and they match the unique mutation (R-ZS3700) that occurred between Abraham Estes and his son Moses Estes Sr., then descended through Moses Jr. to George to John R., then on to our tester, confirming this paternal lineage.

Furthermore, I and other descendants of Lazarus Estes autosomally match Y-DNA descendants of John R. Estes as would be expected of 3rd or 4th cousins.

Therefore, by proxy, using both Y-DNA and Family Finder, we are all confirmed to descend from this entire Estes lineage, to and including Lazarus Estes and his son, William George Estes, through my father to me.

Whew!!!

Summary

Yes, it was a long, detailed path to get here using both traditional genealogical research and DNA results, but we did, and that’s really all that matters. I probably provided more examples than I really needed to, but I’m trying to answer as many “what about this” questions as I can, in advance. The Proof Table methodology isn’t cast in concrete and is easy to replicate and adapt based on your situation and the records at hand.

My final word of caution would be to make sure you don’t discount or omit negative evidence inadvertently. I made that mistake when I was less experienced because I didn’t realize the importance of negative evidence.

I’ve seen situations where a resource was not recorded because there “was nothing there,” when the fact that “nothing was there” is in itself important negative evidence that needs to be weighed and considered.

That’s one reason why preparing a list of all the resources in a particular area is so important. When you discover new resources or they become available, be sure to record and check those resources. For example, if a tax list for a particular county or district is uncovered, record that resource, even if the person you’re seeking isn’t listed there. The next question to ask is why they would not be listed, which may lead you to seek out or perhaps reevaluate other information.

Future Topics

I have three more articles planned in this series and expect to publish the next one in the winter.

  • DNA as Proof – or Not
  • Leveling up
  • Writing it Up

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East Coast Genetic Genealogy Conference, October 4-6, Virtual or In-Person

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I hope you’ll join us for the East Coast Genetic Genealogy Conference at the Maritime Conference Center in Linthicum Heights, Maryland, just a shuttle ride from the Baltimore airport.

I just love conferences that specialize in genetic genealogy. The East Coast Genetic Genealogy Conference does precisely that, featuring 25 experts with a wide variety of expertise.

Take a look at the lineup, here and the sessions, here.

I can hardly wait!!!

You can register here to attend either virtually or in person, but hurry because the early bird discount is only in effect until September 15th.

My Presentations

I’m honored to present two sessions with Janine Cloud.

For those who don’t know, Janine is a registered member of the Cherokee Tribe and we both love talking about researching Native American heritage using DNA.

Janine manages the group projects for FamilyTreeDNA, so she is uniquely qualified to explain how they work and how you can make them work better for you.

One of the very cool new tools is the Group Time Tree. We’ll explain how to use the tree as a group administrator’s tool in addition to being a fantastic problem-solver for genealogists.

DNA Academy

Several years ago, a small group of genetic genealogists discussed creating a DNA Academy where experts offer advanced topics. Mags Gaulden will share more about that fateful discussion.

The manifestation of our dream will take place for the third time at the ECCGC on October 5th, from 6-8, virtually or in person, with five guest speakers.

Book Signing

Genealogical.com will have a booth at ECCGCs and will be selling both of my books, in addition to others.

I don’t have the book signing schedule yet, but it will be displayed in the booth.

Please come by and say hello.

Hope to see you at ECCGCs!

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Six Ways to Figure Out How We’re Related

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In my latest Webinar, Six Ways to Figure Out How We’re Related, I discuss the various tools from Ancestry, FamilyTreeDNA, MyHeritage, and 23andMe – plus clusters from Genetic Affairs and the amazing DNAPainter.

This webinar lives in the Legacy Family Tree Webinar library, but as part of the “webtember” lineup, you can view it for free through the end of September.

It’s always exciting to discover a new match at one of the DNA testing companies, which, of course, begs the question of how you’re related.

So, what are the six ways to figure out how you’re related, and how do you use them?

Come along for a step-by-step guide!

Shared Matches

We begin with how each vendor handles shared matches, what that feature is called, where to find the information, and how to interpret what they are telling you.

23andMe goes a step further and creates a genetic tree, of sorts, although that functionality has changed since their breach last October.

Bucketing and Sides

Two vendors go a step further and provide unique tools to divide your matches maternally and paternally.

FamilyTreeDNA buckets your matches maternally and paternally (or both) based on matches you link to their profile cards in your tree. FamilyTreeDNA then uses your linked matches to triangulate with other matches and assign your matches accordingly, providing a maternal and paternal match list. Bucketing, also known as Family Matching, is one of my favorite tools.

Note that linking matches at FamilyTreeDNA requires that you have transferred your tree to MyHeritage. I wrote about that and provided instructions here and here, and produced a complimentary webinar, too.

Ancestry also divides your matches by parent, but they use a different technique based on their Sideview technology and either ethnicity or shared matches.

Surnames and Locations

Surnames and locations, either separately or together, provide HUGE hints!

MyHeritage provides a nice summary for each of your matches that includes ancestral surnames, a map of locations in common, and “Smart Matches” which shows you people in common in both of your trees. There are several ways to use these tools.

FamilyTreeDNA also provides a list of surnames. You can view either the surnames in common with a match, or all of their ancestral surnames, with locations if provided. The tester enters these surnames, and we review how to complete that step.

Ancestry also provides shared surnames, with clickable links to the number of people in your matches tree with that surname, plus common locations.

X-DNA

X-DNA is probably the most underutilized DNA matching tool. While each of the vendors actually test the X chromosome, only one, FamilyTreeDNA, provides X-matching. You can obtain X-matching results by uploading your DNA file to FamilyTreeDNA. I’ve provided upload/download instructions for all companies, here.

X-DNA has a very unique inheritance pattern because males only inherit an X chromosome from their mother which limits the number of potential common ancestors for any two testers. In other words, X-DNA matching does half your work for you!

Clustering Technology – AutoClusters, the Matrix and DNAPainter

In the past few years, match clustering has become a very useful tool. Clustering shows which of your matches match you and each other.

Genetic Affairs offers several flavors of these clusters, and both MyHeritage and GEDmatch have incorporated Genetic Affairs clusters into their product offerings.

If you haven’t used AutoClusters yet, by all means, try them out.

FamilyTreeDNA offers the Matrix, a slightly different version of clustering. You can select 10 people from your match list to see if they also match each other. Shared matches don’t automatically mean triangulation between you and those two people, or even that all three people descend from the same line. However, if the people are bucketed to your same side (parent) and they share common segments with you in the chromosome browser, they triangulate.

You’ll want to paint those matches to DNAPainter to determine which ancestor you share, especially if they haven’t provided a tree.

DNAPainter provides your chromosomes as the “canvas” upon which to paint your matches in order to correlate segments with ancestors and identify common ancestral lines with mystery matches.

Three vendors, FamilyTreeDNA, MyHeritage, and GEDmatch provide segment information with matches for you to paint. I illustrate how I walk segments back in time, identifying our most distant common ancestor possible.

Theories of Family Relativity and ThruLines

Both MyHeritage and Ancestry provide a combination of DNA matching and tree triangulation, where they search the trees of your DNA matches to find common ancestors with you – although their implementation is different.

MyHeritage’s Theories of Family Relativity provides varying theories about common ancestors for you and a specific match using both trees and historical documents. You can review the various pathways and confirm or reject theories. I love this tool.

Ancestry’s Thrulines functions a bit differently, showing you all of your matches that descend from a common ancestor in all your matches’ trees. Sometimes, the trees are incorrect, but Theories of Family Relativity and ThruLines should still be used as hints.

I showed how ThruLines helped me discover what happened to one of my ancestor’s grandchildren who was lost to the family at his mother’s death – and to all of us since. Not anymore.

Bonus – Y-DNA and Mitochondrial DNA at FamilyTreeDNA

Only FamilyTreeDNA offers both Y-DNA and Mitochondrial DNA testing and matching. All of the tools above pertain to autosomal DNA testing, which is named Family Finder at FamilyTreeDNA. Illustrated by the green arrow below, autosomal DNA testing measures and compares the DNA you inherited from each ancestral line, but that’s not the only game in town.

Y-DNA, in blue, for males, tracks the direct paternal line, which is the surname line in Western cultures. Mitochondrial DNA, in red, is passed from mothers to all of their children. Therefore, everyone can test, revealing matches and information about their mother’s direct matrilineal lineage.

Y-DNA testing includes the amazing Discover tool with a baker’s dozen different reports, including ancient DNA. Mitochondrial DNA will soon have its own MitoDiscover after the rollout of the new Mitotree.

Both tests include “Matches Maps” to help you determine how you are related to your matches, as well as where your ancestors came from before the advent of surnames.

The Advanced Matching feature allows you to select multiple tests to see if your matches match you on combined types of tests.

Tune In

Now that you know what we cover in the webinar, please tune in to see how to use these awesome tools. Be sure to fish in all four “ponds” plus GEDmatch, where you may find people who didn’t test at a company that provides a chromosome browser or matching segment information.

Tools provided by the DNA testing vendors facilitate multiple ways to determine how we match and which ancestor(s) we have in common.

You can watch the webinar, here.

Additionally, subscribers to Legacy Family Tree Webinars have access to the 25-page syllabus with even more information!

A Legacy Family Tree Webinar subscription normally costs $49.95 per year, but through the end of September, there’s a coupon code good for 20% off. Just click here, then enter webtember24 at the checkout.

Enjoy!

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I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase your price but helps me keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

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FamilyTreeDNA Match Download Files are Back!

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Such great news!

FamilyTreeDNA has resumed their match file downloads, making FamilyTreeDNA the ONLY major company that provides this important feature. You can now download a file of all of your matches and for autosomal DNA, where they match you on your chromosomes, a critical function for genealogists.

During the aftermath of the 23andMe data breach, at FamilyTreeDNA, you could still view each match individually and up to 7 selected matches together in the chromosome browser, but you could not download your entire match list.

Now, once again, you can!

How To Download Your Matches

To download either your full match list, or a filtered match list, sign on to your account and select matches.

Family Finder Autosomal Matches

Click on any image to enlarge

The Family Finder download option is located at the top of your match list, at far right.

You can download, or export, a CSV file of all of your matches or a select group of filtered matches.

I downloaded all of my matches and then immediately began catching up.

On my PC, I located the file under “downloads” in a file named with my kit number and date.

There’s a LOT of great information here, but let me point out perhaps the most important genealogical feature.

The Matching Bucket Column

The Matching Bucket column isn’t just an “estimate” or best guess of which parental side an individual is related to you on; it’s confirmed through triangulation.

When you link known relatives to their profile card in your tree, FamilyTreeDNA identifies triangulated segments and uses that information to assign matches either maternally, paternally, or both, depending on the matching segments found.

Additional columns reported are:

  • Full, first, middle, and last names or each match
  • Match Date
  • Relationship Range (based on estimates)
  • Shared DNA (in cMs)
  • Linked Relationship, based on where you linked the match in your tree
  • Ancestral Surnames, as entered in by your match
  • Y-DNA haplogroup for males, either Y-DNA tested directly or mid-range level haplogroup based on a Family Finder test
  • mtDNA Haplogroup
  • Notes that you’ve made on this match
  • Matching Bucket – maternal, paternal, or both
  • X-Match amount in cMs. Remember that X-matching is only shown if the person ALSO matches you on one of the other chromosomes as well. The interpretation of X-matching is somewhat different than other autosomal DNA due to a unique inheritance pattern, which means it can be very important. I discussed that in the article, X Chromosome Master Class and also in my book. FamilyTreeDNA is the only vendor that provides X-matching.
  • Autosomal Transfer – yes or no.

This information and these features, combined with shared matches, means that you can assign most of your autosomal matches either maternally or paternally, and often attribute descent from a particular ancestor or couple.

Download the Match Segment File

Additionally, you’ll need to download the match segment file from a separate location.

Under “Autosomal DNA Results and Tools,” click on “Chromosome Browser.

The chromosome browser will display showing all of your matches. Instead of selecting someone to compare, instead, click on “Download All Segments.”

On a PC, the resulting file can be found in downloads.

This file holds the results on every chromosome of each match. Many people will match you on multiple chromosome locations, so will be listed more than once.

I then sort, either by name, or by chromosome and location, depending on my goal.

This segment match file and the match information file should be used together to garner as much information as possible about each match and how you are related.

Y-DNA

The Y-DNA match list is available, too, and can be found at the right of the STR marker headings.

The Big-Y match download option is also to the right of the Big-Y matches tab.

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA matches are also available but in a slightly different location than the Family Finder and Y-DNA.

The mitochondrial DNA match list download is found at the bottom of your match list, in the right corner.

Caution About Privacy

I want to remind everyone about privacy. You should never, ever, send your match list to someone else unless you know them well and are collaborating with them directly. For example, let’s say you’ve asked your sibling or cousin to test, and they have agreed. Sharing under this limited circumstance would be reasonable.

Unfortunately, we have encountered some “researchers” that are targeting specific groups of people and asking them to provide the names and contact information of their matches – in this case – specifically mitochondrial DNA of a particular ethnic group. After receiving your match list, they contact your matches, telling them they are working with someone they match, and then ask for their match list, too – building a genetic pyramid scheme.

Please DO NOT comply with a request of this type. Do NOT provide your sign-in credentials to anyone like this either. Both of these actions risk your security and your matches’ privacy since your matches have only given permission for their matches to see their information – not anyone else. Additionally, this violates FamilyTreeDNA’s Terms and Conditions.

If someone requests this type of information from you, please immediately report it directly to FamilyTreeDNA.

Additional Benefits of Autosomal Match Download Data

The primary benefit of the autosomal match download is being able to see who matches you on which side of your tree, then perform additional research to determine your common ancestor(s).

You can also discover information about various ancestors via both Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA of your matches who inherited that type of DNA from your common ancestors. I wrote about the four types of DNA that genealogists can use in the article, 4 Kinds of DNA for Genetic Genealogy. 

Be sure to check surname projects for your Y-DNA matches along with all of your ancestral surnames, here, to locate testers who descend from those ancestors.

There are additional benefits, too.

You’ll now be able to paint your chromosomes at DNAPainter again using various import features. The most useful import might be the Maternal and Paternal bucketed matches which helps you determine which matches descend from which ancestors. You can find more information in the article, DNAPainter Instructions and Resources, here.

You can also utilize your downloaded file at Genetic Affairs for various types of clusters. You can read more information in the article, Genetic Affairs Instructions and Resources, here.

So download your matches once again, and enjoy! What gems are waiting to be discovered?

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I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase your price but helps me keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

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FamilyTreeDNA Summer Sale Ends Soon

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Rarely does FamilyTreeDNA put all of their products on sale at the same time, but this Summer Sale is a notable exception.

Not only are all new tests on sale, but so are upgrades, including mitochondrial and Y-DNA STR to Big Y-700 upgrades. So, if you’ve tested at the Y-DNA 37, 67, or 111 marker level, this is the perfect opportunity to discover more.

Plus, there are GREAT prices on bundles of multiple tests. If you aren’t sure which tests are beneficial for what, the article, 4 Kinds of DNA for Genetic Genealogy will help you sort things out.

If you’ve been considering a test or an upgrade for yourself or another family member, now’s a great time. I asked permission to upgrade a cousin’s Y-DNA just this morning, and he gladly agreed. I added a Family Finder test, too, because knowing who else in our study group he matches will help determine how closely people are related.

This sale ends in 5 days, August 31st at 1:59 am CDT, so don’t miss this opportunity.

Just the Facts, Please

Here’s the non-marketing “just the facts” list of regular and sale prices for comparison.

Are you seeing someone over the upcoming holiday weekend that would be a good testing candidate? What brick walls might be broken down?

Single Products
Product Regular Price Sale Price
Family Finder $79 $49
Autosomal Transfer Unlock  $19 $10
Mitochondrial mtFull Sequence  $159 $129
Y-37 $119 $99
Y-111 $249 $209
Big Y-700 $449 $399
Bundles
Bundle Regular Price Sale Price
Family Finder + mtFull Sequence  $238 $169
Family Finder + Y-37 $198 $139
Family Finder + Y-111 $328 $249
Family Finder + Big Y-700 $528 $439
mtFull Sequence + Y-37 $278 $219
mtFull Sequence + Y-111 $408 $329
mtFull Sequence + Big Y-700 $608 $499
Family Finder + mtFull Sequence + Y-37 $357 $259
Family Finder + mtFull Sequence + Y-111 $487 $369
Family Finder + mtFull Sequence + Big Y-700 $687 $507
Upgrades
Upgrade Regular Price Sale Price
Y-12 to Y-37 $79 $59
Y-12 to Y-67 $149 $139
Y-12 to Y-111 $199 $159
Y-12 to Big Y-700 $399 $339
Y-25 to Y-37 $49 $39
Y-25 to Y-67 $119 $109
Y-25 to Y-111 $189 $139
Y-25 to Big Y-700 $389 $339
Y-37 to Y-67 $89 $69
Y-37 to Y-111 $139 $119
Y-37 to Big Y-700 $339 $299
Y-67 to Y-111 $89 $79
Y-67 to Big Y-700 $279 $229
Y-111 to Big Y-700 $239 $189
Big Y-500 to Big Y-700 $209 $189
Mitochondrial mtDNA to mtFull Sequence $119 $79
Mitochondrial mtDNA+ to mtFull Sequence $119 $79

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DNA Academy Webinar Series Released

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Great news! Legacy Family Tree Webinars has just released DNA Academy.

DNA Academy is a three-part series designed to introduce the basics of DNA for genetic genealogy and how Y-DNA, X-DNA, mitochondrial and autosomal DNA can be utilized. Each of these different types of DNA serves a different function for genealogists – and reveals different matches and hints for genealogy.

  1. DNA Academy Part 1 introduces genetic genealogy basics, then, Ancestry’s DNA tools – including their new pricing structure for DNA features. Click here to view.
  2. DNA Academy Part 2 covers FamilyTreeDNA’s products. Click here to view the webinar, which includes:
    1. Y-DNA for males which tracks the direct paternal line
    2. Mitochondrial DNA for everyone which tracks your direct maternal line – your mother’s mother’s mother’s lineage
    3. Autosomal DNA which includes matches from all of your ancestral lines and along with X-DNA matching, which has a very distinctive inheritance path.
  3. DNA Academy Part 3 includes MyHeritage, 23andMe, and third-party tools such as DNAPainter and Genetic Affairs. Click here to view.

Legacy Family Tree Webinars has graciously made Part 2, the FamilyTreeDNA class, free through August 22nd for everyone – so be sure to watch now.

After August 22nd, Part 2 will join Part 1 and Part 3 in the webinar library for subscribers with more than 2240 webinars for $49.95 per year.

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You’re always welcome to forward articles or links to friends and share on social media.

If you haven’t already subscribed (it’s free,) you can receive an e-mail whenever I publish by clicking the “follow” button on the main blog page, here.

You Can Help Keep This Blog Free

I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase your price but helps me keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Thank you so much.

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Update and Webinar – FamilyTreeDNA & MyHeritage Tree Integration

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A few days ago, I published an article titled FamilyTreeDNA Tree Integration with MyHeritage – Step by Step Instructions, and now there is a companion webinar available, here, courtesy of Legacy Family Tree Webinars.

In addition to topics covered in the earlier article, in the webinar, also titled FamilyTreeDNA Tree Integration with MyHeritage, I’ve added additional problem-solving information, clarified several items, created a decision-aid chart, and updated information.

This tree transition, only a week old, has been amazingly smooth. Nothing is perfect out the gate, and this integration is no different. For most people, this process runs quickly and seamlessly.

Updates and Clarifications

A few people may have noticed a glitch or two during the first few days. The balance of the known bugs are expected to be resolved by early next week.

  • If your transfer got “stuck” and never completed, or completed with an empty tree, try again early next week.
  • At FamilyTreeDNA, Family Matching took a day or two to kick in again, but the backlog has cleared and it’s working as expected after matches are linked on your tree at MyHeritage.

Additional items that are being resolved or have been clarified:

  • All trees transferred to MyHeritage will receive the 90-day gift of being able to expand the tree beyond 250 people without restriction or cost. This includes trees transferred to existing MyHeritage accounts that do not currently have a subscription. Those accounts are currently incorrectly restricting users to 250 people. MyHeritage will have this fixed in the next few days and the fix will be applied retroactively to anyone who transferred a tree to an existing MyHeritage account that does not have a subscription.
  • You can no longer start a new tree on the FamilyTreeDNA platform. New trees will be started on the MyHeritage platform. This also means that if you delete your tree at FamilyTreeDNA, you cannot upload a new one to FamilyTreeDNA before transferring to MyHeritage.
  • MyHeritage will return tree information periodically to FamilyTreeDNA for research purposes for trees originating at FamilyTreeDNA:
  • MyHeritage will NOT return tree information to FamilyTreeDNA from the trees of anyone linking their FamilyTreeDNA account to an existing MyHeritage tree. There is no consent or opt-in option.
    • While an initial consent box was not displayed on the transfer page, there was a consent option in the tree preferences section at MyHeritage. This was a bug, and MyHeritage will have it removed shortly.
    • Anyone who linked their FamilyTreeDNA account to their existing MyHeritage tree with the understanding that their tree data would be provided to FamilyTreeDNA should disconnect their account at FamilyTreeDNA from MyHeritage and relink it to their transferred FamilyTreeDNA tree. Instructions are in both the blog article and the webinar.

Decision Aid

The included and downloadable webinar syllabus includes a Decision Aid in chart and list format to help you sort through your various tree options and which would be best for you, including combinations of features such as:

  • Tree size
  • Subscription
  • 90-day tree expansion gift
  • Retention of linked matches
  • Data returned to FamilyTreeDNA

Enjoy the webinar, here, and your new tree functionality, no matter which option you choose, at MyHeritage

PS – Upload Your DNA Too

Transferring your tree has absolutely nothing to do with uploading your DNA, but this might be a good time to upload your DNA file to MyHeritage if you haven’t done so already.

Having your DNA results at both companies assures that you receive the most matches possible. Both uploading and matching are free.

I’ve written step-by-step upload-download instructions for major companies, here, and specifically both FamilyTreeDNA and MyHeritage, below:

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Share the Love!

You’re always welcome to forward articles or links to friends and share on social media.

If you haven’t already subscribed (it’s free,) you can receive an e-mail whenever I publish by clicking the “follow” button on the main blog page, here.

You Can Help Keep This Blog Free

I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase your price but helps me keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Thank you so much.

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Y-DNA Highways of History: Fleshing Out Your Ancestors Using Discover Case Studies – Webinar Free for 7 Days!!

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I’m so very pleased to announce with Legacy Family Tree Webinars, that we are offering a special midsummer surprise webinar – and it’s FREE through August 1st, here.

Thank you, Legacy Family Tree Webinars, for making this webinar free!

We are using FamilyTreeDNA’s free Discover tool to reveal our ancestors’ past and their path through history.

This webinar features fun ”how-to” case studies. Who doesn’t love a good story – especially ones that you can put to use in your own genealogy right away?

We begin with an overview.

  • What are reasonable testing goals for Y-DNA?
  • Why do we want to take Y-DNA tests anyway?
  • What can we discover when we test, and when we encourage our cousins to test?
  • Where and how do we find those cousins?

If you ladies are thinking, I WISH I had a Y chromosome to test, cheer up, because one of the topics I cover is how to find relevant family members, even distant members, who can test for your male ancestral lines.

History Revealed

Genealogists always want every piece of available information. Y-DNA testing does just that and reaches beyond the barrier of surnames. In fact, it reaches beyond the possibility of genealogical research with only one test.

There’s so much to learn.

Who were my ancestors, and where did they come from? How are they related to other people, including ancient burials and notable people who lived more recently?

I’m sharing several case studies from my own genealogy. Come join me on my journey.

  • I discovered that my ancestor is related to a burial along the old Roman Road in France. He lived there before the Romans arrived. What does that mean to me today, and how can I find out?
  • I’ll also share with you how I solved an adoption case within a generation with JUST Y-DNA, and then how I used autosomal DNA matches to augment and refine that information.
  • In another case, we learned something VERY interesting and quite unexpected, revealing either a secret or information that was never passed to contemporary family researchers. Y-DNA testing is the only way this would EVER have been revealed.
  • Another ancestor appears to have been a retired Roman soldier in England. How did I figure this out? I’ll show you.
  • My Jewish friend famously said “My ancestors are in my soul. I can’t get them out of my mind.” Can you relate? The Big Y-700 test proved that his ancestors settled in Spain and exactly when they migrated to Eastern Europe using a very unconventional approach that you can utilize too.
  • Another tester discovered that he and a famous lineage match. You’ll probably recognize this historical person and you might even be related yourself. Their ancestors are found in the baptismal records of the same church in England, but their common ancestor reaches back to the people buried beneath the Saxon tombstones outside.

How did we discover all of this???

Big Y-700 testing at FamilyTreeDNA, combined with the Discover tool, sprinkled from time to time with some old-fashioned genealogy.

Once you engage in Y-DNA testing, you’ll have fascinating success stories of your own to share too.

Collect the Full Set

There’s so much to be learned about our ancestors.

I “collect” Y-DNA haplogroups from testers in each of my ancestral lines to reveal their history that has been obscured by time – and to assure my recent genealogy is accurate.

Every one of these haplogroups on my family tree, such as R-ZS3700, looks like just letters and numbers, but they aren’t. They are the keys that easily unlock that ancestor’s paternal family story, previously hidden behind history’s misty curtains. Now, they’ve been revealed! You can do exactly the same thing!

All you need to do is enter your Y-DNA haplogroup into Discover or just click through directly from your results page at FamilyTreeDNA.

Which ancestors are waiting for you?

Please enjoy this webinar. Don’t forget it’s only free for a week, so check it out now.

There’s More

Take a look at the other webinars I’ve recorded for Legacy Family Tree Webinars. (Hint – there are more coming very soon!!)

You can always access this and any of more than 2200 webinars in the library by subscribing to Legacy Family Tree Webinars, here.

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FamilyTreeDNA Tree Integration with MyHeritage – Step by Step Instructions

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Great news! FamilyTreeDNA has partnered with MyHeritage for tree integration. The purpose is to obsolete the FamilyTreeDNA tree and integrate it as a tree that resides on MyHeritage for FamilyTreeDNA customers.

MyHeritage’s tree-building software is much more robust and functional than the FamilyTreeDNA trees, which makes sense because MyHeritage is a “tree” company. No one maintains their primary tree at FamilyTreeDNA, and FamilyTreeDNA never intended their tree to be a “research tree.” The tree at FamilyTreeDNA has always served three primary purposes:

  • So you can view your matches trees and vice versa.
  • So that you can link your known relatives to enable Family Matching (bucketing), an awesome feature that deposits your matches in either maternal or paternal buckets based on triangulated segments.
  • To provide resources for internal feature development, such as information for MyOrigins.

How Does This Integration Affect Me?

Let me explain what this new integration means in bulleted format. Then, we will review the specifics, and I’ll walk you through each step.

  • You can/should/need to transfer your tree from FamilyTreeDNA to MyHeritage.
  • You can no longer start a new tree on the FamilyTreeDNA platform. New trees will be started on the MyHeritage platform. This also means that if you delete your tree at FamilyTreeDNA, you cannot upload a new one to FamilyTreeDNA before transferring to MyHeritage.
  • As of September 9, 2024, all trees at FamilyTreeDNA will become read-only, meaning that your matches can see your tree, and you can see theirs if they have not migrated to MyHeritage, but you can no longer modify or add to the tree at FamilyTreeDNA.
  • After you transfer your tree, or link to a tree at MyHeritage, your matches at FamilyTreeDNA will simply see your tree on the MyHeritage platform when they click on your tree icon.
  • Trees that have not migrated to MyHeritage are being left in place in read-only format so that the “legacy” trees of people who may have passed away or don’t transfer their trees will not be lost to their matches.
  • If you don’t transfer your tree to MyHeritage by September 9th, you’ll still be able to transfer it later (for free) – you just won’t be able to modify it at FamilyTreeDNA as their tree-building function is being retired.
  • After you have completed transferring your tree to MyHeritage, your tree is no longer available at FamilyTreeDNA. After the transfer, your tree is on the MyHeritage platform.
  • ONLY your tree is transferred/uploaded to MyHeritage, NOT your DNA or DNA matches.
  • Hopefully, you’ve already linked your Y-DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and autosomal matches to their place on your tree at FamilyTreeDNA. If so, those matches will be automatically relinked for you at MyHeritage.
  • After you transfer your tree, you can link new matches at FamilyTreeDNA to your tree residing on the MyHeritage platform. Linking is actually MUCH easier now.
  • If you ALREADY have a tree at MyHeritage, you can select to link your FamilyTreeDNA test kit to “yourself” on that tree. Momentarily, I will discuss why you might want to transfer your FTDNA tree anyway.
  • If you DO NOT have a tree at MyHeritage already, you can transfer your tree for free, no matter how large, from FamilyTreeDNA. You will be able to add to that tree for free for 90 days. After that, if you want to add to a tree with more than 250 people in the tree, you will need a MyHeritage data/records subscription.
  • You will immediately receive MyHeritage‘s tree benefits for the people in the tree that you transfer from FamilyTreeDNA.
  • You can also start a tree at MyHeritage. New trees with 250 or fewer people do not require a subscription to MyHeritage.
  • This tree integration between FamilyTreeDNA and MyHeritage does NOT in any way intermix your DNA results or matches at FamilyTreeDNA with DNA results or matches at MyHeritage.
  • The ONLY “joining” is that FamilyTreeDNA now uses MyHeritage trees instead of their own tree. In other words, your FamilyTreeDNA tree is HOSTED by MyHeritage, or you can use an existing MyHeritage tree.

Beginning the Transfer Process

Now, when you sign on to your FamilyTreeDNA account, you’ll see the following popup.

You will also see this blue banner at the top of your signin page at FamilyTreeDNA.

Click on “Learn More” to continue.

You may notice the “Get started now” button in several locations in the educational verbiage.

MyHeritage offers a lot of features and conveniences for building and maintaining trees that FamilyTreeDNA did not, such as:

  • A tree Consistency Checker
  • Smart Matches to people in other trees with the same ancestors
  • Record Matches from their 20 billion historical records that include newspapers and out-of-print books
  • Various tree views, such as a fan chart and timeline
  • Maps
  • Wonderful photo tools to repair and enhance your family photos
  • The ability to add marriage and other life events with dates
  • The ability to have the same ancestor in your tree multiple times in various lines, including double cousins
  • Non-case-sensitive searches
  • Relationship of each person in the tree to the home individual

At the bottom of the information page, you can view frequently asked questions.

Transferring Your Tree is Easy.

After clicking “Get started now” from any of the places it appears, you’ll see information about connecting with MyHeritage during the tree transfer process.

This page grants FamilyTreeDNA permission to share this specific information with MyHeritage.

There are actually two steps.

  1. Connecting your FamilyTreeDNA account to MyHeritage, which occurs by signing on to or creating a new account at MyHeritage through your FamilyTreeDNA account.
  2. Transferring your tree from FamilyTreeDNA to MyHeritage.

MyHeritage User

If you are an existing MyHeritage user and already have an account, you’ll be prompted to sign in to MyHeritage at this point.

You will then be sent a verification code to be sure it’s actually you trying to sign in.

After completing this step, if you are already a MyHeritage user, you’ll see your tree choice options.

New MyHeritage User

If you are NOT yet a MyHeritage user, you’ll be prompted to set up a free account and then you’ll continue with the account link and tree transfer.

Tree Selection

After signing in, you’ll see a menu of trees that you can link your FamilyTreeDNA account to.

Please DO NOT make a selection yet. Read through the rest of these instructions first.

As soon as I signed into my MyHeritage account after linking my FamilyTreeDNA account to MyHeritage, I saw a list of possible trees that I can link my account to. The top tree is the tree that I’m in the process of transferring from FamilyTreeDNA.

Below that tree, if I have other trees at MyHeritage or I’ve been given access to other trees at MyHeritage, I can link to “me” in those trees instead of using a transferred tree from FamilyTreeDNA. I would suggest only linking to a tree that you own and control, not one you’ve been invited to view.

Linking Means Two Different Things

Not to be confusing, but we are talking about linking in two contexts:

  1. Linking your FamilyTreeDNA account to a tree at MyHeritage.
  2. Linking matches to their profile card in your tree at FamilyTreeDNA to enable Family Matching (bucketing). You’ll perform the same match-linking process in your new tree at MyHeritage.

To ensure linked matches at FamilyTreeDNA link correctly at MyHeritage, count and record the names of your linked matches at FamilyTreeDNA.

Click on the “Tree” tab at the top of your personal page at FamilyTreeDNA. At left, select “Link Matches” which displays matches that you’ve already linked and matches available to link. at least not without undoing and reversing everything.

It’s essential to do two things at this point because after you select and link to a tree at MyHeritage, you will no longer be able to view your old tree at FamilyTreeDNA, at least not without undoing and reversing the entire process.

  • Count and make a list of your linked matches so that you know who is linked and can verify those people automatically relinked correctly after your tree moved to MyHeritage.
  • Assure that the names of the people who are linked are SPELLED EXACTLY THE SAME in the tree you’re going to link to at MyHeritage, including any prefixes such as “Mr.”, shown above. This is one of the reasons I suggest transferring your tree from FamilyTreeDNA and using that tree at MyHeritage, even if you already have a tree at MyHeritage.

Linking Your FamilyTreeDNA Account to a Tree at MyHeritage

If your FamilyTreeDNA tree consists of more than 8 or 10 people, your tree will be listed at the top and you will be given the option to transfer. If you have a small tree, it will not transfer and the tree will not be shown as an option.

The tree shown at the top of the list is the tree that you will transfer from FamilyTreeDNA to MyHeritage.

Checking this box selects the tree to transfer to MyHeritage which begins after scrolling to the bottom and pressing “Continue.”

If your tree is very small, or you don’t have a tree and want to begin one at MyHeritage, scroll to the very bottom of the trees available on your MyHeritage account if you have access to more than one tree. You’ll see the option to start a new tree at MyHeritage.

Consent is Critical

In either of the two scenarios above, transferring a tree or starting a new tree, you’ll see a consent notification below the tree options.

I’m not sure you can see this clearly in this screen shot, so I’ll transcribe it below.

I consent for MyHeritage to share my updated family tree information With FamilyTreeDNA from time to time, and I understand and consent that, upon sharing, such information will be subject to the FamilyTreeDNA privacy policy and terms of service, independently of MyHeritage.

It’s critically important for you to CONSENT to this transfer of information back to FamilyTreeDNA. This allows FamilyTreeDNA to use your tree data to improve their products and services for you – the same way they’ve always utilized customer information. For example, where your ancestors are from is critically important to improving MyOrigins and other geographically related tools.

If you transfer a tree, the consent box is already checked, but if you start a new tree after arriving through the FamilyTreeDNA platform, the consent is there, but it’s unchecked – so you have to check it.

I very strongly encourage you to transfer an existing tree or start a new one if you don’t have one, because that’s the ONLY WAY your tree information can benefit your results at FamilyTreeDNA.

Now for the bad news – if you link your FamilyTreeDNA account to an existing tree at MyHeritage, there is no option to consent for MyHeritage to send your tree information back to FamilyTreeDNA.

I really hope this policy is revised. It isn’t fair that FamilyTreeDNA can’t receive information from the trees of its customers, nor is it fair to their customers. Hopefully, this is just an oversight and will be remedied shortly.

If You Link to an Existing Tree at MyHeritage

If you link to an already existing tree at MyHeritage, you do NOT see a option to consent for your information to be provided periodically to FamilyTreeDNA.

There’s literally nothing below the trees where the consent verbiage is found with other options.

In my case, I’m an active user at MyHeritage, always growing my tree, so I was going to link my FTDNA account to myself in my tree at MyHeritage.

That is, until I discovered that MyHeritage DOES NOT PROVIDE THE CONSENT OPTION.

So, instead, I’ve transferred my existing tree to MyHeritage. This option has no disadvantages.

You can transfer any size tree to MyHeritage from FamilyTreeDNA, no matter how large. After initiating a transfer, you will receive a message that MyHeritage will email you when the transfer is complete.

My tree was finished transferring by the time I got something to drink and came back to my desk.

If you’re already a MyHeritage customer, you can have any number of trees of any size and there’s no additional cost to add to or modify trees if you’re a subscriber.

If you’re not a subscriber, you can still transfer a tree of any size from FamilyTreeDNA, but after 90 days, you will need a MyHeritage subscription if you want to add to that tree if it has more than 250 people.

For FamilyTreeDNA purposes, I’ll use the tree that I transferred from FamilyTreeDNA and keep my FamilyTreeDNA test linked to “me” in that tree and my cousins linked to “them” in that tree.

The best aspect of transferring your current tree from FamilyTreeDNA is that your linked relatives all stay linked automatically!

Of course, I’ll continue to use my MyHeritage tree for genealogy research and for my MyHeritage DNA kits.

I love my MyHeritage subscription. Transferring my FamilyTreeDNA tree and using my MyHeritage tree for genealogy research gets me the best of both worlds.

Your FamilyTreeDNA Tree at MyHeritage

After my tree transferred to MyHeritage, I clicked on the “View Tree” link in the email to verify that the tree had transferred accurately.

Indeed, all 634 people were transferred – but the tree was assigned a strange name. I need to change that.

If you want to change the tree name on MyHeritage, and trust me, I do – just navigate to “Family Tree,” then “Manage family trees,” then select that tree, then click on “Edit tree settings at far right.

Change the name to whatever you want. It’s crucial to rename it immediately if you are going to transfer multiple trees so you don’t forget which is which. Pay attention to the rest of the settings below the tree name to be sure you don’t accidentally select something you don’t want, then save the new name.

Modifying Tree Privacy, Functions and Sharing

You can change your mind about sharing with FamilyTreeDNA in either direction – meaning either enabling or disabling sharing – by clicking on “My Privacy” in the dropdown by your name at MyHeritage.

Then click on “Content.”

This is probably a good time to make sure you have enabled everything you want.

Next, you’ll see a list of every tree that you own on your MyHeritage site.

In this example, three trees are shown. The first tree is my regular MyHeritage Estes Family Tree. This is NOT a transferred FamilyTreeDNA tree, and no account from FamilyTreeDNA is linked to it.

There’s somewhat of a glitch going on here that I want to make you aware of.

As you can see, the option to “Allow sharing of my updated family tree information with FamilyTreeDNA” is available to check. In fact, I checked it. But it’s not valid and is misleading because it causes people to believe they can link to an existing tree at MyHeritage and share data back with FamilyTreeDNA, which is not the case.

If you click on the little “i” for information, you’ll see the above text that clearly says this setting “is only relevant for family trees that originated from FamilyTreeDNA and that you chose to transfer to MyHeritage to have the family tree linked to your FamilyTreeDNA account.”

Unfortunately, this option appearing here is causing people to simply link their FamilyTreeDNA account to their MyHeritage tree, believing that they will be sharing back with FamilyTreeDNA.

I really encourage MyHeritage to allow this data exchange because I think it would encourage people to maintain one tree at MyHeritage. This approach would benefit everyone and is not confusing.

On the second tree, which is also NOT a transferred tree, there is no option for sharing. This is not consistent with the first tree and causes confusion.

The third tree is my transferred tree. It does have the sharing option selected. This is a valid selection for this tree.

This is also a good time to review the features for each tree and make sure you have enabled or disabled the ones you want.

Back at FamilyTreeDNA

You can verify that you transferred your tree by checking your FamilyTreeDNA account. If you click on your tree, you’ll see a notification that you moved your tree.

Ok, now that the tree is moved, how do I know who’s linked?

How Do I Know Who’s Linked?

I can’t tell by looking at my FamilyTreeDNA tree on MyHeritage who is linked and who isn’t.

However, it’s easier than EVER at FamilyTreeDNA.

Just open your match list.

Prior to transferring my tree to MyHeritage, I had linked 15 people to their profile card on my tree at FamilyTreeDNA. Those 15 people triangulated with enough other matches to allow FamilyTreeDNA to bucket a total of 3601 paternal matches and 1602 maternal matches.

Before I transferred my tree, I made a list of all the people who were linked.

Now, you can see under each match whether they are linked on your tree at MyHeritage and, if so, the relationship you’ve chosen for them.

My parents are both linked.

However, my Ancestry V4 test that I’ve uploaded as my twin for illustration purposes for my blog is not linked, so let’s link it.

Just click on “Link on Family Tree” where you’ll be prompted to sign in to MyHeritage. I have a secure password keeper, so for me, signing in happens immediately when I click on the link.

Look what happened next, automatically.

My matches name at FamilyTreeDNA populated the search bar, and since my tree at MyHeritage is the same tree I transferred from FamilyTreeDNA, the names automatically match. Easy peasy.

If you’re using a different tree, meaning one you did NOT transfer from FamilyTreeDNA to MyHeritage, you’ll need to enter either the accurate spelling of the person’s name you want to link to or a name generic enough that MyHeritage can find a group to offer you.

For example, Estes returned 23 results and I can browse through them to select the tester at FamilyTreeDNA. Alternatively, I can add the tester’s name to the MyHeritage tree I’m using as my FamilyTreeDNA tree.

Troubleshooting Section

If You Stop After Linking Your Account but Before Selecting the Tree

I got distracted by something during this process – after I had linked my FamilyTreeDNA account and signed into MyHeritage, but BEFORE I had linked my tree.

I received this email.

Don’t be confused by this email.

  • If you don’t link to a tree at MyHeritage, you will still receive matches at FamilyTreeDNA.
  • Nothing you do or don’t do in terms of transferring or linking to a tree at MyHeritage affects your ability to receive DNA matches at FamilyTreeDNA.
  • If you don’t transfer your tree or link to one at MyHeritage, you won’t be able to link new matches at FamilyTreeDNA to their profile in your tree, and you won’t receive new bucketed Family Matches.

Clicking on “Link Family Tree” in the email returns me to where I left off at MyHeritage. I then linked my FamilyTreeDNA account to the tree that I transferred from FamilyTreeDNA.

Account Settings

After signing on to FamilyTreeDNA, you may close the popup to transfer your tree and then not be able to figure out how to transfer your tree.

Another place where you can initiate transferring your tree is through Account Settings on your FamilyTreeDNA page, which is found under the gear by your name in the upper right-hand corner of your personal page.

More importantly, though, if you somehow make a mistake or get confused, this is where you go in your FamilyTreeDNA account to:

  • Link to a home person in your tree
  • Unlink your account from MyHeritage and start over
  • Once your tree is transferred, you cannot automatically “untransfer” your tree, although you can sever the link via a disconnect, delete that tree at MyHeritage or update your privacy settings
  • Disconnecting from MyHeritage restores your tree at FamilyTreeDNA

I clicked on “Link to Home Person.”

The four closest people are shown in the tree I had selected. If none of these are the person you seek as your home person in a tree, type the name of the person you want to link in the search box. If you’re linking a relative’s kit that you maintain for them, you’ll probably need to type their name if you’re linking them to an existing tree.

Or, if you selected the wrong tree, you can disconnect from your MyHeritage account altogether, start over, and select a different tree.

Unfortunately, you’re not going to recognize that name of the tree (unless you changed it), so you’ll have to click to view the tree if you don’t remember which one you selected.

By clicking on the results you wish, you can either view the tree or select that person to link to as the primary person in your tree.

Summary & More Resources

I know this has been a lot for one article. I’ve been testing for several days and have tried to help you better understand so that you don’t say later, “I sure wish I had known that…”

I’m incredibly grateful that FamilyTreeDNA and MyHeritage have made this process seamless, even maintaining our linked relationships with our matches.

To summarize what you need to do:

I recommend using your FamilyTreeDNA tree at MyHeritage for FamilyTreeDNA purposes because:

  • The names are all spelled correctly, and your linked matches won’t be broken
  • Consent for MyHeritage to allow FamilyTreeDNA to periodically receive updated information from your transferred FamilyTreeDNA tree

Additional Resources

  1. FamilyTreeDNA wrote an article about the new features, here.
  2. FamilyTreeDNA provides a FAQ here, including information for Group Projects and Group Administrators.
  3. MyHeritage wrote an article, here.

Now, transfer your tree and go enjoy the new tree features at MyHeritage!

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Thank you so much.

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The Big Y-700 Test Marries Science to Genealogy

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Recently, one of my long-time friends and project co-administrators asked me a simple question.

  • What do the FamilyTreeDNA Big Y-700 test and the Time Tree tell us when we have genealogy trees provided by testers?
  • What does the Discover Time Tree tell us that’s different, and how do we reconcile the Time Tree and genealogy?

Those are great questions.

Sometimes, I get so buried in the details of genetic genealogy that I neglect the obvious, so I’m writing this article for my co-admin and anyone else with the same questions.

Time Tree Versus Genealogy Question

Of course, as a genealogist, my first answer would be that we always need to be cautious about user-provided trees. Even when the genealogy is accurate, that’s no guarantee there wasn’t a biological disruption that caused the genetic line not to be the same as the surname line.

Almost every lineage has examples of people whose genealogy was “off” or misattributed paternity occurred someplace upstream, meaning that someone carries the surname but does not descend from that biological lineage.

However, relative to DNA projects, the Big Y-700 tests provide one very important feature that STR testing does not and cannot do.

The Big Y-700 test creates a genetic tree, in conjunction with other testers, which provides scientifically calculated dates when branches of the genetic tree were formed.

The genetic tree should align, at least closely, with testers’ genealogical trees.

In other words, if their genealogy is accurate, testers “should” fit in (or at least near) the appropriate places on the branches of the genetic tree.

Furthermore, for people trying to sort out their actual branch in the tree, the Big Y-700 test is MUCH MORE reliable than the earlier STR (short tandem repeat) tests that are prone to random and back mutations. At one time, STR tests were all that was available, but now,  SNPs have been added to our arsenal. SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) are extremely stable and reliable mutations.

I’m getting ready to record a new Y-DNA webinar, and I’m giving you a sneak peek of a couple of my slides here. I’ll publish an announcement when the webinar is available.

STRs Versus SNPs

Historic Y-DNA testing tested only a limited number of STR locations. That test reported the number of repeats at a specific genetic location on the Y chromosome. Today, the 37, 67, and 111 marker STR tests are still available to purchase.

What are the major differences between the two types of tests, and why would someone purchase one over the other?

If you purchase one of the STR tests, you purchase testing at a specific number of locations, such as 37, 67, and 111. The Big Y-700 test includes at least 700 STR locations, but the specificity of the Big Y-700 SNP testing replaces most of the STR test results in terms of lineage definition.

SNP mutations, when discovered in more than one man in a particular haplogroup lineage, are then named as haplogroups. That mutation is then found in each directly descended male in that line.

STR – 37, 67, 111 Big Y-700 (STRs & SNPs)
Tests A limited number of repeat STR markers – Big Y guarantees 700+ NGS scan targets ~ 25 million locations
Focus Comparatively short genealogy timeframe All-inclusive – recent genealogy plus older to ancient
Includes Can upgrade to Big Y-700 Includes STR tests, separate matching, Globetrekker, Discover, and more
Tree Genealogy, customer provided Genetic Tree – Group Time Tree coordinates with genealogy if provided
Tools STR tools STR tools plus SNP tools & robust Discover
Haplogroup Estimated based on STR values Confirmed to the most granular level possible – evergreen
Useful When Exclusion testing, less costly, entry-level Discover provides lineage, ancient DNA, TMRCA, and more
Matching STRs only STR plus Big Y – both can be useful
Trees Customer provided genealogy Time Tree, Group Time Tree, Block Tree, Classic Tree + 1 more soon

Put simply, the STR tests are now entry-level. Once you see what the Big Y-700 provides, you’ll absolutely want to upgrade to that test. Most of the time, if I know I’m testing someone from the correct line, I just purchase the Big Y-700 out the gate. If I’m not sure I’m testing the correct lineage, I’ll purchase the STR test first to make sure they match the correct lineage before upgrading to the Big Y-700.

Discover

The Discover tool was introduced to provide additional information to Big Y testers and others seeking haplogroup information. STR results can only predict a relatively high-level haplogroup, usually a few thousand years ago, while the Big Y-700 provides testers with an extremely granular haplogroup – usually decades to a few hundred years ago. Often, living men that span 2 or 3 descendant generations (grandfather, father, sons) discover that they have their own haplogroup branch on the tree of mankind!

However, if no one else from your line has tested in hundreds of years, Discover can only work with available information.

Let’s take a quick look at the Estes Group Time Tree.

Estes Project Group Time Trees

Group projects have Group Time Trees. You can view the Estes surname project, here. You can find a project for any surname by either googling “<surname> DNA Project” or scrolling to the VERY bottom of the FamilyTreeDNA main page.

If you’re signed into FamilyTreeDNA, you can also find projects in the top banner.

Once you’re on the project page, you’ll see an option for DNA Results (assuming the administrators have not made the project entirely private.)

Click on the DNA Results link and select Y-DNA.

Next, you’ll see “Group Time Tree.”

Group Time Tree Display

What appears next depends on how the project administrators have grouped the project participants.

I’ve grouped the Estes project by genealogical line, with the exception of a couple of people who carry the Estes surname but have experienced an adoption or other unknown parental event in their Estes lineage.

In some cases, there are simply two same-name lineages that were never from the same biological line. Unfortunately, occasionally they settle in the same place, making the genealogy difficult. Even worse, until Y-DNA testing came along, there was often no way to know they were two different families.

This situation is actually where the Big Y-700 test shines.

 

The Group Time Tree shows the genetic tree scientifically constructed from the SNP results of the Big Y-test results of the testers, at left. At right you’ll see the surnames of the testers along with their Earliest Known Ancestor (EKA) if they have entered that information.

Initially, you don’t even realize you’re actually looking at two types of information merged together. This display allows testers to see the genetic branching tree structure, at left, which is reflective of their actual genealogy, at right.

You can see that the birth year of Sylvester Estes, entered by a tester with haplogroup R-BY482, is 1622. Please note, there’s a typo. Sylvester was born in 1522, NOT 1622. This is a perfect example of what I meant by tree information sometimes being inaccurate and it’s very important when trying to correlate the genetic tree and the user-provided genealogy.

We discovered that R-BY482 (red profile above, at left) is an Estes “signature” haplogroup for the Estes line originating in Deal, England, with three other haplogroups that formed in descendant generations. We know this because every descendant from this line has this mutation.

R-BY490 was formed between Sylvester’s son Robert Estes, born about 1555, and his son, born about 1600, also named Sylvester. We know this because all of the descendants of Sylvester (born circa 1600) carry this mutation, but Robert’s son, Robert, born in 1603, does not.

The genealogy portion of the Group Time Tree, above, doesn’t reveal that information because testers either don’t know their genealogy that far back or perhaps listed an earlier known ancestor, such as Nicholas, born in 1495.

Click to enlarge

I created a spreadsheet tracking the Big Y-700 testers of the descendants of Nicholas Estes, along with their descendant haplogroups.

We know that Robert, born in 1555, carries R-BY490 because both of his sons, Abraham and Richard, inherited that mutation, seen with green arrows.

However, this calls into question the associated genealogy because if Robert, born in 1603, descended from Robert, born in 1555, he too would have the mutation R-BY490 since Robert’s other two sons do. Note that the user-provided birth year typo of 1622 which should be 1522 is a century off – enough to be within the genetic band haplogroup birth band – but impossible for the genealogy table.

There is one other possibility: kit 166011, the descendant of Robert born in 1603, could have taken the earlier Big Y-500 test and never upgraded to the more powerful Big Y-700. That’s too much detail for this article, but the discrepancy between the genetic tree and the genealogy tree alerts us that additional research is warranted. The genealogy submitted for tester 166011 confirms that, indeed, 1622 is a typo.

There are no other descendants of known sons of Nicholas or Sylvester born in 1522 to test, but perhaps another will surface one day.

You can see that the more testers in any particular line, the more granularity we can achieve.

The Genetic Tree

How close is the genetic tree to the genealogical tree that has been confirmed?

We know that Sylvester was born in 1522, and his father Nicholas in about 1496. The scientifically calculated creation date of R-BY482 is 1493, just 3 years before the birth of Nicholas. Based on this, there’s a good chance that this mutation occurred between Nicholas’s unknown father and him, or perhaps between Nicholas and Sylvester.

You can view the scientific details of any haplogroup in Discover.

Discover’s BY-482 scientific details page shows its creation date range.

Marriage

You can see that the scientifically created tree and the genealogy information are both important.

In fact, the combination of both allowed us to identify the correct branch of a Wilbur man who matches Estes men but doesn’t know where he fits in the tree.

His haplogroup placed him definitively on the more recent R-BY154784 branch, and his autosomal results then confirmed his specific path of descent because he matches descendants of three generations of Estes men’s wives, showing that his branch descends from Joseph Estes and his wife Ritty Lee, through son Chism, on down to our tester. In this case, autosomal DNA results provided a boost-assist to the genealogy, which helped identify the generation that the Y-DNA haplogroup R-BY154784 actually formed.

This also informs us that Joseph Estes, born in 1780, carried haplogroup R-BY154784 because both of his sons have it. If Joseph hadn’t had that mutation, then both of his sons couldn’t have inherited it.

Therefore, the mutation that formed haplogroup R-BY154784 had to occur between Moses, born in 1711, and John, born in 1732. We know that because Moses’s other son’s descendants do not have that haplogroup.

The more descendants of any ancestor that test, the more specific and accurate the descendant haplogroup formation dates will be.

The marriage of genetic trees and genealogy is powerful indeed.

More Information

For those seeking more information, 70 pages of my new book, The Complete Guide to FamilyTreeDNA – Y-DNA, Mitochondrial, Autosomal and X-DNA is devoted to Y-DNA results.

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