I know that sometimes understanding who inherits what kind of DNA from whom can be confusing, especially with four kinds of DNA to keep track of.
Let’s Make This Easy
In a nutshell:
Y DNA is passed from the father to male children only (blue boxes). This is the paternal surname line.
Mitochondrial DNA is passed from women to all of their children, but only females pass it on (red circles).
Half of each parent’s autosomal DNA (chromosomes 1-22) inherited from ancestral lines, meaning all lines shown above, is passed to each child – but not the same exact half is passed to different children.
The X chromosome has a distinct inheritance pattern that is helpful to genealogists, but is often confused with mitochondrial DNA.
I recommend that you test with or transfer to each of the vendors.
Autosomal Transfers
Have you already taken an autosomal DNA test and want to transfer between vendors? Here’s a handy-dandy chart for you.
Note that while Family Tree DNA does accept the Ancestry V2 chip, as well as the 23andMe V4 chip, because they are incompatible platforms, you’ll only see your closest matches, meaning about 20% of the total matches you would receive if you tested on Family Tree DNA’s own chip. For that reason, I generally recommend testing at Family Tree DNA unless you tested on an earlier chip version at one of those vendors.
This standard disclosure appears at the bottom of every article in compliance with the FTC Guidelines.
Hot links are provided to Family Tree DNA, where appropriate. If you wish to purchase one of their products, and you click through one of the links in an article to Family Tree DNA, or on the sidebar of this blog, I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase. Clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. This affiliate relationship helps to keep this publication, with more than 900 articles about all aspects of genetic genealogy, free for everyone.
I do not accept sponsorship for this blog, nor do I write paid articles, nor do I accept contributions of any type from any vendor in order to review any product, etc. In fact, I pay a premium price to prevent ads from appearing on this blog.
When reviewing products, in most cases, I pay the same price and order in the same way as any other consumer. If not, I state very clearly in the article any special consideration received. In other words, you are reading my opinions as a long-time consumer and consultant in the genetic genealogy field.
I will never link to a product about which I have reservations or qualms, either about the product or about the company offering the product. I only recommend products that I use myself and bring value to the genetic genealogy community. If you wonder why there aren’t more links, that’s why and that’s my commitment to you.
Thank you for your readership, your ongoing support and for purchasing through the affiliate link if you are interested in making a purchase at Family Tree DNA, or one of the affiliate links below:
Not long ago, Jonny Perl introduced the free online tool, DNA Painter, designed to paint your chromosomes. I didn’t get around to trying this right away, but had I realized just how much fun I would have, I would have started sooner.
Fittingly, Jonny, pictured above, won the RootsTech Innovation award this year for DNA Painter – and I must say, it’s quite well-deserved.
Congratulations Jonny!
This is the first of four articles about DNA Painter. In this article, we’ll talk about how to use the tool, and how to get started.
The second article talks about mining your matches at the various vendors for paintable segments with instructions for how to do that accurately with each vendor.
In the third article, we’ll walk through an analysis of my painted segments, so you can too – and know how to spot revelations.
The fourth article explains how I solved a long-standing mystery that was driving me crazy. If you have a relatively close mystery person in your DNA match list that you can’t figure out quite where they fit, this article is written just for you!
I’ll tell you right now, I haven’t had this much fun in a long time!
Want to hear the best part? You don’t have to triangulate. DNA painting is “self-triangulating.” Yes, really!
Let’s get started!
Introducing DNA Painter
To begin to use DNA Painter, you’ll need to set up a free account at www.dnapainter.com.
Read the instructions and create your profile.
Jonny provides an overview. Don’t get so excited that you skip this, or you won’t know how to paint correctly. You don’t need to be Picasso, but taking a few minutes up front will save you mistakes and frustration later.
Blaine Bettinger recorded a YouTube video discussing how to use DNA Painter to paint your chromosomes to identify and attribute particular segments to specific ancestors. It includes a mini-lesson on chromosome matching.
I strongly suggest you take time to watch Blaine’s video from the beginning. For some reason, this link drops into the video near the end, but just slide the red bar back to the beginning.
Get Started
Here’s my blank, naked chromosomes. Notice for every chromosome, you see a blue paternal “half” and a pink maternal “half.” That’s because everyone gets half of their autosomal DNA from their father, and the other half from their mother.
Looking at my own chromosome painting today, below, it’s incredibly exciting for me to see 57% of my DNA painted, attributed to 77 couples and one endogamous group, Acadians. This took me a month or so working off and on.
At the end of the day, this is often how I rewarded myself! The only problem it that it has been difficult to go to bed.
Comparatively, I’ve been working on my DNA match spreadsheet, attributing segments to ancestors now for 5 or 6 years, and I’ve never been able to see this information visually like this before. This view of my ancestrally painted chromosomes is so rewarding!
Who To Map
DNA Painter is not the kind of tool where you upload your results, it’s a tool where you selectively paint specific segments of matches – meaning segments on which you match particular people with known common ancestors.
How do you know who is a good candidate to map?
I began with painting my closest matches with whom I could identify the common ancestor.
Not only will painting your largest matches be rewarding as you harvest low-hanging-fruit, it will help you determine if you actually have identified the correct DNA for later matches being attributed to a specific genealogical line. In other words, mapping these larger known segments will help you identify false positives when you have no other yardstick.
Your First Painting
I’m opening a new profile in DNA Painter to demonstrate the steps in painting along with hints that I’ve learned along the way.
I’m going to utilize my cousin, Cheryl, whom I match closely at Family Tree DNA. If you don’t know how to use the Family Tree DNA autosomal tools, click here.
Cheryl is my first cousin once removed, so we share a significant amount of DNA.
I’ve selected Cheryl on my match list, checked her match box, and then clicked on the Chromosome Browser in order to view our segment matching information.
You can see on the chromosome browser that I share quite a bit of DNA with Cheryl.
At the top of the chromosome browser, click on “View this data in a table.”
Highlight and copy all of the segments for Cheryl. I only use 7cM segments or higher at DNA Painter, so you don’t have to copy the data in the rows below your last match at that level. DNA Painter takes care of stripping out all the extraneous stuff.
Paint a New Match
At DNA Painter, after you have your profile set up, click on “Paint a New Match.”
Simply paste the segment data into the box in the window that pops up. DNA Painter takes care of removing the header information as well as segments that are too small.
You can click on “overlay these segments” to “test” a fit, but I haven’t really found a good use for that, because I’m only painting segments I’m confident about and I know which side, maternal or paternal, the match is on based on the known relative.
Click on “save match now” in the bottom right corner.
In the Save Match popup, shown above, I utilize the fields as follows.
I enter the name of my DNA match, followed by their relationship to me, followed by the source of the match. In this case, “Cheryl <lastname>, 1C1R, FTDNA”
In the “Segment/Match Notes” I list how the match descends from the common ancestral couple, a GedMatch ID if known, and anything else pertinent including other potential ancestral lines in common. This means that I list every generation beginning with the common ancestral couple and ending with the tester.
Hiram Ferverda and Eva Miller, Roscoe, Cheryl, GedMatch Txxxxxx
You’ll wind up eventually rethinking some of your segment assignments to particular ancestors and you’ll want as much information here about this match as possible.
Moving to the next field, in the “Ancestors Name,” I utilize the couples name, because at this point, you can’t tell which of the two people actually contributed the DNA segment, or if part is from one ancestor of the couple and part is from the other. If the male ancestor is a Sr. or Jr., or is otherwise difficult to tell apart from your other ancestors, I suggest entering a birth year by his name. This is your selection list for later painting segments from the same ancestor, so you want to be sure you can tell the generations apart.
Next, you’ll select the maternal or paternal side of your family. Change the color if you don’t like the one pre-selected to assign to segments descending from that couple. Originally, I was going to have pinks or light colors for maternal, and blues or darker for paternal, but I quickly discovered that scheme didn’t work well, and I had more ancestors than I could ever have imagined whose DNA I am be able to map and paint.
Therefore, pick contrasting colors. You can use each color on each half, meaning maternal and paternal, since the segments will be painted on different halves of the chromosome.
In the “Notes for This Group,” I add more information for the couple such as birth and death dates and location if I know or am likely to forget.
Click “save.”
Here you go! Isn’t this fun!!!! Cheryl’s segments that match mine are painted onto my chromosomes!
At the right, your ancestor key appears with each ancestor to whom you’ve assigned a color key.
So far, I only have one!
Want to paint another group of segments?
Let’s paint Cheryl’s brother.
Following the same sequence, I paint Donald’s DNA, but this time, I select “Or link these segments to an ancestor I’ve added before.”
I select Hiram Ferverda, Eva Miller and save. The segments that I have in common with Cheryl and/or Don will now be displayed on each chromosome.
Looking at chromosome 1, you can see that I match Cheryl and Don on the same segment at the beginning of the chromosome, but received two different segments of DNA on a different portion of chromosome 1, further to the right.
As one last example, I added the DNA from two known cousins, Rex and Maxine, who descend a couple generations further back in time through more distant ancestors in the same line – one maternal and one paternal.
Click on the chromosome number to expand to see all of the painted segments
You can see, looking at chromosome 3 that Cheryl and Don match me on a significant amount of the same large pink segment plus a smaller pink segment at the end
Rex (yellow) and Maxine (blue) both match me on different parts of the chromosome. It looks like there is a small amount of overlap between Rex and Maxine which is certainly feasible, because Jacob Lentz, the ancestor that Maxine descends from is ancestral to the couple that Rex descends from.
By utilizing known matches, and mapping, we can see segments that move us back in time, telling us from which ancestor that portion of the segment descends.
For example, if the blue segment was directly aligned with one of the pink segments, then we would know that the blue portion of the pink segment descended from Jacob Lentz and Fredericka Reuhl.
This is the most awesome, extremely addictive game of ancestor Sukoku ever.
Wanna play???
Here’s how to prepare for my next article where we’ll utilize the various vendor matches to begin painting.
Download and Upload Your Autosomal Files
You’ll want to have your DNA at the most vendor locations possible so you can find all your matches that can be attributed to known relatives and ancestors. You never know who is going to test at which vendor, and the only way to find out is to have your DNA there too.
For each vendor, I’ve provided a mini-tutorial on how to maximize your testing and transfers both monetarily and for maximum matching effect, or you can read an article here that explains more.
There’s also a cheat sheet for transfer strategies at the end of this article.
A technique called imputation is mentioned below, so you may want to read about imputation here. MyHeritage’s initial offering utilizing imputation was problem plagued but has since improved significantly.
Ancestry
To Ancestry – There’s no way to transfer files TO Ancestry, so you’ll need to test there to be in their database. You will also need at least a minimum subscription ($49) to utilize all of the Ancestry DNA features. You can see a with and without subscription feature comparison chart here.
From Ancestry – There is also no chromosome browser at Ancestry. In order to use DNA Painter, chromosome segment information is required, so if you test at Ancestry and want to paint your segments, you’ll need to download your DNA file to either or all of:
Family Tree DNA – partially compatible with the current Ancestry test chip format – transfer will provide you with your closest matches, 20-25% of the matches you would have if you tested at Family Tree DNA
MyHeritage – partially compatible, but uses imputation to infer additional genetic regions
GedMatch
My preference is to test at Ancestry, and then test at Family Tree DNA and upload the test results to MyHeritage. The Family Tree DNA and MyHeritage testing platforms are the same, so there is no incompatibility between the two.
Family Tree DNA
To Family Tree DNA – You can upload the following vendor files TO Family Tree DNA. Matching is free, but to use the advanced tools, including ethnicity and the chromosome browser, you’ll need to pay the $19 unlock fee. That’s still significantly less than retesting, especially for files that are 100% compatible.
Ancestry – V1 files generated from before May 2016 are entirely compatible, V2 files from after May 2016 are partially compatible, providing between 20-25% of your matches, meaning your closest matches
23andMe – V3 file from Dec 2010-Nov 2013 and V4 file from November 2013-August 2017 are compatible, the V5 platform file beginning in August 2017 is not compatible
To 23andMe – You cannot transfer TO 23andMe, so you’ll need to test there if you want to be in their database.
From 23andMe – If you tested at 23andMe, you can upload your files to the following vendors:
Family Tree DNA – V3 file from Dec 2010-Nov 2013 and V4 file from November 2013-August 2017 are compatible, the V5 chip beginning in August 2017 is not compatible
MyHeritage – 23andMe – partially compatible but uses imputation to infer additional genetic regions
GedMatch – V3 file from Dec 2010-Nov 2013 and V4 file from November 2013-August 2017 are compatible, the V5 chip beginning in August 2017 is only compatible in the Genesis sandbox area. V5 matching is not reliable. Files from other vendors are recommended for GedMatch unless you are matching against another V5 result.
GedMatch
GedMatch is a third-party site that accepts all of these vendors’ autosomal files, with a caveat that the 23andMe V5 kit matches very poorly and requires special handling. I don’t recommend using that kit at GedMatch unless you are matching against other 23andMe V5 kits.
I upload multiple kits to GedMatch and mark all but one for research only. This allows me to use my Ancestry kit to match with other Ancestry users for more accurate matches, my Family Tree DNA kit to other Family Tree DNA kits, and so forth. Not marking multiple kits for research means that you’ll appear more than once on other people’s match lists, and only your first 2000 matches are free. Marking all kits except one as research is a courtesy to others.
At GedMatch, mark all except one kit as “research,” then utilize your kits from the same vendor for one-to-one comparisons.
Recommended Transfer Strategy
Of course, where you have, and haven’t already tested will impact your transfer strategy decision. I’ve prepared the following cheat sheet to be used in combination with the information discussed above.
*Unless you can transfer a 23andMe V3/V4 or an Ancestry V1 kit to Family Tree DNA, it’s better to test at Family Tree DNA. Ancestry V2 tests are only 20-25% compatible.
In my next article, we’ll discuss how to mine your matches at the various vendors to obtain accurate segments for chromosome painting – including a strategy for how to utilize Ancestry and Gedmatch together to identify at least some Ancestry segment matches.
So, for now, get ready by transferring your matches into whichever data bases they aren’t already in. The only data base where I couldn’t identify matches that I didn’t have elsewhere was at 23andMe. The rest were all there just waiting to be harvested!
This standard disclosure appears at the bottom of every article in compliance with the FTC Guidelines.
Hot links are provided to Family Tree DNA, where appropriate. If you wish to purchase one of their products, and you click through one of the links in an article to Family Tree DNA, or on the sidebar of this blog, I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase. Clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. This affiliate relationship helps to keep this publication, with more than 900 articles about all aspects of genetic genealogy, free for everyone.
I do not accept sponsorship for this blog, nor do I write paid articles, nor do I accept contributions of any type from any vendor in order to review any product, etc. In fact, I pay a premium price to prevent ads from appearing on this blog.
When reviewing products, in most cases, I pay the same price and order in the same way as any other consumer. If not, I state very clearly in the article any special consideration received. In other words, you are reading my opinions as a long-time consumer and consultant in the genetic genealogy field.
I will never link to a product about which I have reservations or qualms, either about the product or about the company offering the product. I only recommend products that I use myself and bring value to the genetic genealogy community. If you wonder why there aren’t more links, that’s why and that’s my commitment to you.
Thank you for your readership, your ongoing support and for purchasing through the affiliate link if you are interested in making a purchase at Family Tree DNA, or one of the affiliate links below:
We’re approaching Valentine’s Day, and I’m reminded just how much I love genetic genealogy. I already loved genealogy before the genetic portion emerged. Since DNA has been added to our toolbox, I’m head over heels.
I can’t even begin to count the number of breakthroughs I’ve had using DNA. On EVERY LINE.
In order to further my own genealogy, I’ve purchased countless (I don’t want to count, truthfully) kits and tests for other people. I don’t regret any single one of those dollars, because they all helped ME. Yes, even kits that didn’t match helped me.
Why? Because they might have matched. Some did match. Some provide haplogroup information for my ”Big 8” meaning for all of my 8 great-grandparents.
Click to enlarge
As you can see, I still need to find test candidates for two of my great-grandparents to complete the “Big 8.”
My now-deceased aunt tested for the Margaret Claxton/Clarkson line before mitochondrial full sequencing was commercially available. When I wanted to upgrade her test to full sequence and autosomal, I couldn’t because the archived DNA quality was too poor. Now, I need to find another testing candidate to discover her full haplogroup aside from the rather generic H. Lesson learned – now I just order the whole shebang out the gate!
A second mitochondrial test that I need is for Evaline Miller, my Brethren great-grandmother.
Do You Qualify For a Free Test?
Shameless plug – If you descend from any of the following women through all females to the current generation, where testers can be either males or females, I have a free mitochondrial AND autosomal test for YOU at Family Tree DNA. Happy Valentine’s Day!
Margaret Claxton (1851-1920) Hancock Co, TN
Elizabeth Speaks (1832-1907) Hancock Co., TN
Ann McKee (1804/5-1850/50) Washington Co., VA, Lee Co., VA
Elizabeth, wife of Andrew McKee (1766-1814) Washington Co., VA
Evaline Miller (1857-1939) Elkhart Co., Indiana
Margaret Elizabeth Lentz (1822-1903) Montgomery Co., Ohio, Elkhart Co., Indiana
Let’s say you want to do the same thing, find people who are candidates to test for specific lines.
Finding Test Candidates
How might you find these people? Trees of autosomal DNA matches are a good choice. I mine my DNA matches at all vendors to see who might match me in the direct line needed to carry the Y or mitochondrial DNA of the desired ancestor. If someone has already DNA tested, they at least understand the subject and you’re not introducing the topic of DNA testing from scratch.
The three main testing vendors (along with GedMatch) each have a variety of tools to help find candidates.
Ancestry: Green leaf hints DNA+Tree Matching
Family Tree DNA: Phased maternal and paternal “bucketed” match results, trees and in-common surnames
MyHeritage: DNA+Tree Matching called SmartMatching
GedMatch: Search all GEDCOMs and GEDCOM 1 to All
As luck would have it, all three vendors are having Valentine’s Day DNA Sales too.
Valentine Day Sales and Testing Strategy
Now is a great time to test and transfer your autosomal DNA results for maximum matching.
Family Tree DNA
Family Tree DNA is having their “Sprinkle Some DNA Love” sale where the Family Finder autosomal test is on sale for $59.
If you want the option of Y, mitochondrial and autosomal, Family Tree DNA is the vendor to select, as they are the only vendor performing Y and mitochondrial testing and matching. You can purchase the Family Finder test today and add any of the other tests, either now or later. $59 is the least expensive price of all the vendors this holiday and you can transfer to MyHeritage and GedMatch for free!
MyHeritage
MyHeritage is on sale for $69 (or $59 if you purchase 2.) You can transfer Family Tree DNA kits to MyHeritage and vice versa without losing any quality or matches because Family Tree DNA’s lab runs the tests for MyHeritage. In fact, this is a great approach because transfers are free and you can fish in both ponds. Both vendors have advanced tools. MyHeritage tends to have European testers not in other data bases, so whether your transfer or test, you’ll want to be there if you have European heritage.
The transfer is free to Family Tree DNA, but there is a charge to unlock their advanced tools, so the best testing strategy would be to test at Family Tree DNA (where the test is less expensive) and transfer to MyHeritage. Total cost – $59 at Family Tree DNA where the total cost of testing first at MyHeritage and transferring to FTDNA is $88 (or $78 each if you purchase 2 kits.)
Ancestry
Ancestry’s test is also on sale for $69. You can transfer the Ancestry results to Family Tree DNA and MyHeritage, but the Ancestry test only covers about 25% of the same test locations as either Family Tree DNA or MyHeritage. As a result, at Family Tree DNA, you only receive your closest 20-25% of your matches and at MyHeritage, they utilize imputation to compensate for the shortcoming. Ancestry’s matching data base is quite large and their tools, though not as comprehensive as elsewhere, are easy to use.
You cannot transfer any results TO Ancestry, so my recommendation if you’re going to test at Ancestry would be to also test at Family Tree DNA and transfer your results to MyHeritage.
Of course, all three of these tests provide the much-sought-after ethnicity estimates.
Testing (and Money Saving) Strategy
Of the four vendors who provide autosomal matching, the comparative costs during the Valentine’s Day sale are as follows:
If you’re only going to make one purchase, you can purchase a kit for $59 at Family Tree DNA, have it available for upgrades and transfer to both MyHeritage and GedMatch for free.
You can test at Ancestry and Family Tree DNA, both, and transfer to MyHeritage and GedMatch for a total cost of $128 and be swimming in all the best ponds!
If you’re an adoptee or seeking an unknown parent, you’ll want to test at 23andMe as well. Their Ancestry Service kit is on sale for $79 now, but 23andMe has dropped to a distant 4th in terms of genetic genealogy.
How about buying a genetic genealogy valentine bouquet for someone you love!
This standard disclosure appears at the bottom of every article in compliance with the FTC Guidelines.
Hot links are provided to Family Tree DNA, where appropriate. If you wish to purchase one of their products, and you click through one of the links in an article to Family Tree DNA, or on the sidebar of this blog, I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase. Clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. This affiliate relationship helps to keep this publication, with more than 900 articles about all aspects of genetic genealogy, free for everyone.
I do not accept sponsorship for this blog, nor do I write paid articles, nor do I accept contributions of any type from any vendor in order to review any product, etc. In fact, I pay a premium price to prevent ads from appearing on this blog.
When reviewing products, in most cases, I pay the same price and order in the same way as any other consumer. If not, I state very clearly in the article any special consideration received. In other words, you are reading my opinions as a long-time consumer and consultant in the genetic genealogy field.
I will never link to a product about which I have reservations or qualms, either about the product or about the company offering the product. I only recommend products that I use myself and bring value to the genetic genealogy community. If you wonder why there aren’t more links, that’s why and that’s my commitment to you.
Thank you for your readership, your ongoing support and for purchasing through the affiliate link if you are interested in making a purchase at Family Tree DNA, or one of the affiliate links below:
Recently, someone asked which of the major DNA testing companies test the X chromosome and which ones use the X in matching. How does this difference influence the quality of our matches?
*If Ancestry did utilize the X in matching, it wouldn’t benefit customers because Ancestry does not show segment information by chromosome. In other words, no chromosome browser.
Family Tree DNA includes any size X match IF and only if the two people already match on a different chromosome.
GedMatch, of course, isn’t a vendor who does DNA testing, so they don’t provide download files. They are solely on the receiving end.
X CentiMorgan Counts
Due to variations in the way vendors calculate matches and total cM counts, your mileage may vary a bit.
In other words, the 23andMe cM total, if an X match is involved, may be slightly more than a match between the same two people at Family Tree DNA, where the X match cM is not included in the cM total.
Conversely, you won’t show an X match with someone at Family Tree DNA if there isn’t also another segment on a different chromosome that matches.
In general, due to the thin spread of SNPs on the X chromosome, you will need, on average, a cM match that is twice as large as on other chromosomes to be considered of equal weight.
In other words, a 10 cM match on the X chromosome would only be genealogically equivalent to approximately a 5 cM match on any other chromosome.
X matches really can’t be evaluated by the same rules as other chromosomes due both to their SNP paucity and their inheritance path, which is why most vendors don’t include those segments in the total cM count.
X Matches
While including the X chromosome cM count is problematic, X matching can be a huge benefit because of the unique inheritance path of the X chromosome.
In the article, X Marks the Spot, we discussed the inheritance path of the X chromosome for both males and females. Females inherit an X chromosome from both father and mother, which recombines just like chromosomes 1-22. However, men only inherit an X from their mother, because they inherit a Y from their father instead of the X. Therefore, males will only inherit an X from their mother, and females will only inherit their father’s mother’s X chromosome.
Charting Companion software works with your genealogy software of choice to produce a lovely fan chart where the contributors of my X chromosome are charted in color, above. You can read more about Charting Companion here.
The great news is that if you and a match share a significant portion of the X chromosome, meaning more than 15 cM which reduces the likelihood of an identical by chance match, the common ancestor (on that segment) has to come from an ancestor in your direct X path.
I’m always excited to see with whom I share an X. That piece of information alone helps me focus my ancestor detective efforts on a specific portion of my tree.
Some X segments can remain intact for generations and may be very old. So don’t be surprised if the common ancestor of the X segment and another matching segment may not be the same ancestor.
Sorting by X
I wasn’t able to find a way to sort by X chromosome matches at 23andMe, but you can sort by the X at both Family Tree DNA and GedMatch.
At GedMatch, X matching shows on the one-to-many match page. You can sort by either Total X cM or Largest X cM by using the up and down arrows, at right, below, in the X DNA columns.
After you identify an X match, be sure to run the X one-to-one match option to verify.
My GedMatch matches cause me to wonder if 23andMe is using a different reporting threshold for the X chromosome, because one of my matches at GedMatch is a close family member with no X match at 23andMe, but a total of 32 X cM and with a longest segment of 14 X cM at GedMatch.
That same individual matches me with the largest X segment of 14 cM at Family Tree DNA as well.
Family Tree DNA X Match Phasing
At Family Tree DNA, on your Family Finder matches page, just click on the X-Match header (at right, below) to bring all of your X matches to the top of your list.
If you have linked any kits of relatives to your tree, you will see numbers of phased kits on the maternal and paternal tabs with the red and blue male and female icons. In the example above, I have 3313 matches total, with 744 being paternal, 586 being maternal.
Next, click on the maternal or paternal tab to see only the people with X matches who match you on the your maternal and paternal lines. Matches are automatically sorted into maternal and paternal “buckets” for you. Remember to check the size of the X match before deciding about relevance.
Who is your largest X match that you don’t already know? Maybe you can find your common ancestor today.
This standard disclosure appears at the bottom of every article in compliance with the FTC Guidelines.
Hot links are provided to Family Tree DNA, where appropriate. If you wish to purchase one of their products, and you click through one of the links in an article to Family Tree DNA, or on the sidebar of this blog, I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase. Clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. This affiliate relationship helps to keep this publication, with more than 900 articles about all aspects of genetic genealogy, free for everyone.
I do not accept sponsorship for this blog, nor do I write paid articles, nor do I accept contributions of any type from any vendor in order to review any product, etc. In fact, I pay a premium price to prevent ads from appearing on this blog.
When reviewing products, in most cases, I pay the same price and order in the same way as any other consumer. If not, I state very clearly in the article any special consideration received. In other words, you are reading my opinions as a long-time consumer and consultant in the genetic genealogy field.
I will never link to a product about which I have reservations or qualms, either about the product or about the company offering the product. I only recommend products that I use myself and bring value to the genetic genealogy community. If you wonder why there aren’t more links, that’s why and that’s my commitment to you.
Thank you for your readership, your ongoing support and for purchasing through the affiliate link if you are interested in making a purchase at Family Tree DNA, or one of the affiliate links below:
I spent New Year’s Eve, doing what I’ve done for years on New Year’s Eve – celebrating by researching. In fact, it was at the stroke of midnight in 2005 that I ordered kit number 50,000 from Family Tree DNA. Yes, I’m just that geeky and yes, I had to purchase several kits in a row to get number 50,000.
That kit went on to help immensely, as I used it to test an elderly cousin of my great-grandmother’s generation who took both the Y DNA test, and then, eventually, autosomal.
This year I made a wonderful discovery to mark the new year. But first, let’s see how I did with last year’s resolution.
Last Year’s Resolution
Last year, I made 1 resolution. Just one – to complete another year’s worth of 52 Ancestor stories.
Now, that didn’t mean I had to do 52 in total. It meant I had to be committed to this project throughout the year. You know, unlike cleaning out that closet…or losing weight…or exercising more. Commitments that are abandoned almost as soon as they are made.
So, how did I do?
I published 37 stories. I shudder to think how many words or even pages that was. I’m ashamed to say that I plucked much of the “low hanging fruit” early on, so these were tough ancestors for an entire variety of reasons.
That’s not one article each week, but at least I’m making steady progress. And I must say that I couldn’t do it without a raft of helpers – all of whom I’m exceedingly grateful to. Friends, professionals, cousins, DNA testers, blog subscribers and commenters – an unbelievable array of very kind souls who are willing to give of their time and share their results. Thank you each and every one!
Now, I’m thrilled to tell you that Amy Johnson Crow has revitalized the 52 Ancestor’s project. It’s free and you can sign up here. There’s no obligation, but Amy provides suggestions and a “gathering place” of sorts. Think of her as your genealogy cheerleader or coach. It’s so much easier with friends and teammates! I miss reading other people’s stories, but I won’t have to miss that much longer!
Randy Seaver (of Genea-Musings) and I will have company once again. He’s the only other person that I’m aware of that has continued the 52 Ancestors project – and he has put me way to shame. I do believe he published number 286 this week. I keep hoping that some of his ancestors and some of mine are the same so I can piggyback on Randy’s research! I need an index! Randy, are you listening?
You might wonder why I enjoy this self-imposed deadline ancestor-writing so much.
It’s really quite simple. It’s an incredible way to organize and sort through all of your accumulated research “stuff.” I cherish the end product – documenting my ancestors lives with dates, compassion and history. BUT, I absolutely hate parts of the research process – and the deadline (of sorts) gets me through those knotholes.
I absolutely love the DNA, and I really, REALLY like the feeling of breaking through brick walls. It’s like I’m vindicating my ancestors and saving them from the eternal cutting room floor. DNA is an incredible tool to do just that and there are very few ancestors that I can’t learn something from their DNA, one way or another – Y, mtDNA, autosomal and sometimes, all three. And yes, DNA is in every one of my articles, one way or another. I want everyone to learn how to utilize DNA in the stories of their ancestor’s lives. In many cases the DNA of theirs that we (and our cousins) carry is the only tangible thing left of them. We are wakling historical museums of our ancestral lines!
How Did You Do?
Not to bring up an awkward subject, but if you recall, I asked you if you had any genealogy resolutions for 2017? How did you do?
Congratulations if you succeeded or made progress.
It’s OK if you didn’t quite make it. Don’t sweat last year. It’s over and 2018 is a brand spanking new year.
New Year Equals New Opportunities
2018 is stacking up to be a wonderful year. There are already new matches arriving daily due to the Black Friday sales and that’s only going to get better in the next month or two. Of course, that’s something wonderful to look forward to in the dead of winter. We’ll just call this my own personal form of hibernating. Could I really get away with not leaving my house for an entire month? Hmmm….
I want to give you three ideas for having some quick wins that will help you feel really great about your genealogy this year.
Idea 1 – Finding Hidden Mitochondrial DNA
This happened to me just last night and distracted me so badly that I actually was late to wish everyone a Happy New Year. Yes, seriously. One of my friends told me this is the best excuse ever!
I was working on making a combined tree for the descendants of an ancestor who have tested and I suddenly noticed that one of the female autosomal matches descended from the female of the ancestral couple through all females – which means my match carries my ancestor’s mitochondrial DNA!
Woohooooooo – it’s a wonderful day.
Better yet, my match tested at Family Tree DNAAND had already taken the mitochondrial DNA test.
Within about 60 seconds of noticing her pattern of descent, I had the haplogroup of our common ancestor. That’s the BEST New Year’s gift EVER. I couldn’t sleep last night.
So, know what I did instead of sleeping? I bet you can guess!
Yes indeed, I started searching through my matches at Family Tree DNA for other people descended from female ancestors whose mtDNA I don’t have!
So, my first challenge to you is to do the same.
Utilizing Family Finder, enter the surname you’re searching for into the search box in the upper right hand corner of your matches page.
That search will produce individuals who have that surname included in their list of ancestral surnames or who carry that surname themselves.
Your tree feeds the ancestral surname list with all of the surnames in your tree. I understand this will be changing in the future to reflect only your direct line ancestral surnames.
Some people include locations with their surnames – so you may recognize your line that way. Click on your match’s surname list (at far right) to show their entire list of surnames in a popup box. Some lists are very long. I selected the example below because it’s short.
Your common surnames are bolded and float to the top. The name you are searching for will be blue, so it’s easy to see, especially in long lists of surnames.
About half of my matches at Family Tree DNA have trees. Click on the pedigree icon and then search for your surname of interest in your match’s tree.
Hey, there’s our common ancestral couple – William George Estes and Ollie Bolton!!!
Idea 2 – Finding Hidden Y DNA
Now that I’ve shown you how to find hidden mitochondrial DNA, finding hidden Y DNA is easy. Right?
You know what to do.
I this case, you’ll be looking for a male candidate who carries the surname of the line you are seeking, which is very easy to spot on the match list.
Now, word of warning.
As bizarre as this sounds, not all men who carry that surname and match autosomally are from the same genetic surname line.
As I was working with building a community tree for my matches last night, I was excited to see that one of my cousins (whose kit I manage) matches a man with the Herrell surname.
I quickly clicked on the match’s tree to see which Herrell male the match descends from, only to discover that he didn’t descend from my Herrell line.
Whoa – you’re saying – hold on, because maybe my line is misidentified. And I’d agree with you – except in this case, I have the Y DNA signature of both lines – because at one time I thought they were one and the same. You can view the Herrell Y DNA project here. My family line is Harrold Line 7.
Sure enough, through the Family Finder match, I checked my Harrell match’s profile and his haplogroup is NOT the same as my Herrell haplogroup (I-P37.)
I could have easily been led astray by the same surname. I really don’t need to know any more about his Y DNA at this point, because the completely different haplogroup is enough to rule out a common paternal line.
Don’t let yourself get so excited that you forget to be a skeptical genealogist😊
My second challenge to you is to hunt for hidden Y DNA.
You can increase your chances of finding your particular lineage by visiting the relevant Y DNA projects for your surname.
Click on Projects, then “Join a project,” then search for the DNA project that you’re interested in viewing and click on that link.
Within the project, look for oldest ancestors that are your ancestors, or potentially from a common location. It’s someplace to start.
Sometimes we get overwhelmed with the magnitude and size of the genealogy puzzle we’d like to solve. Then, we don’t solve anything.
This is exactly WHY I like the 52 Ancestor stories. They make me focus on JUST ONE ancestor at a time.
So, for 2018, pick one genealogy puzzle you’d really like to solve. One person or one thing. Not an entire line.
Write down your goal.
“I’d like to figure out whether John Doe was the son of William Doe or his son, Alexander Doe.”
Now admittedly, this is a tough one, because right off the bat, Y DNA isn’t going to help you unless you’re incredibly lucky and there is a mutation between Alexander Doe and his father, William. If indeed that was the case, and you can prove it by the DNA of two of Alexander’s sons who carry the mutation, compared to the DNA of one of William’s other sons who does not, then you may be cooking with gas, presuming you can find a male Doe descended from John to test as well.
This is the type of thought process you’ll need to step through when considering all of the various options for how to prove, or disprove, a particular theory.
Make a list of the different kinds of evidence, both paper trail and genetic, that you could use to shed light on the problem. Your answer may not come from one piece of evidence alone, but a combination of several.
Evidence
Available/Source
Result
William’s will
No, burned courthouse
Verified
Alexander’s will
No, burned courthouse
Verified
Deeds with William as conveyor
No, burned courthouse
Verified
Family Bible
Nope, no Bible
Deeds with Alexander as conveyor, naming John
Possible, some deed books escaped fire
Check through county, Family search does not list
Deeds with John as conveyor
Yes, check to see if they indicate the source of John’s land
John is listed in index, need to obtain original deeds from county
Y DNA of John’s line
Yes, has been tested
Matches DNA of William’s line as proven through William’s two brothers
Y DNA of Alexander
Not tested (to the best of my knowledge), find descendant to see if they will test
Search vendor DNA testing sites for male with this surname to see if they have/will Y DNA test
Closeness (in total cM and longest segment) of individuals autosomal matching through any of William’s descendants
Mine both Ancestry and FTDNA for surname and ancestor matches
This step may produce compelling or suggestive evidence, and it may not. Make a McGuire chart of results.
Does John match any relatives of the wife of Alexander Doe?
Search FTDNA and Ancestry for matches. Triangulate to determine if match is valid and through that line.
This is one of the best approaches to solve this type of problem when paper records aren’t available. Fingers crossed that Alexander and his wife and not related.
You can add pieces of evidence to your list as you think of them.
Making a list gives you something to work towards.
Your Turn!
Select one thing that you’d like to accomplish and either set about to do it, like mining for mitochondrial or Y DNA evidence, or put together a plan to gather evidence, both traditional and genetic.
In the comments, share what it is you’ll be searching for or working on. You just never know if another subscriber may hold the answer you seek.
I can’t wait to hear what you’ll be doing this year!
Have a wonderful and productive New Year searching for those hidden ancestors!
This standard disclosure appears at the bottom of every article in compliance with the FTC Guidelines.
Hot links are provided to Family Tree DNA, where appropriate. If you wish to purchase one of their products, and you click through one of the links in an article to Family Tree DNA, or on the sidebar of this blog, I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase. Clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. This affiliate relationship helps to keep this publication, with more than 900 articles about all aspects of genetic genealogy, free for everyone.
I do not accept sponsorship for this blog, nor do I write paid articles, nor do I accept contributions of any type from any vendor in order to review any product, etc. In fact, I pay a premium price to prevent ads from appearing on this blog.
When reviewing products, in most cases, I pay the same price and order in the same way as any other consumer. If not, I state very clearly in the article any special consideration received. In other words, you are reading my opinions as a long-time consumer and consultant in the genetic genealogy field.
I will never link to a product about which I have reservations or qualms, either about the product or about the company offering the product. I only recommend products that I use myself and bring value to the genetic genealogy community. If you wonder why there aren’t more links, that’s why and that’s my commitment to you.
Thank you for your readership, your ongoing support and for purchasing through the affiliate link if you are interested in making a purchase at Family Tree DNA, or one of the affiliate links below:
Lots of people are giving their siblings DNA test kits. That’s a great idea, especially if your parents aren’t available for testing, because siblings do inherit part of the same DNA from their parents, but not all of the same DNA. That means testing siblings is a great opportunity for more genealogical matches!
Recently, a friend asked me why his fraternal twin has matches to people he doesn’t, and vice versa. Great question, so let’s take a look at what to expect from matches with siblings.
First, identical twins share exactly the same DNA because they are created as a result of the division of the same egg that has been fertilized by the father’s sperm. Identical twins matches should be identical.
A fraternal twin is exactly the same as a sibling. Two separate sperm fertilize two separate eggs and they gestate together, at the same time.
Second, let’s talk just a minute about Y and mitochondrial DNA, then we’ll discuss autosomal DNA.
Full Siblings Share
Mitochondrial DNA
Exactly the same, unless a mutation occurred
Y DNA
Males will share exactly the same, unless a mutation occurred. Females don’t have a Y chromosome.
Autosomal DNA
Approximately 50% of autosomal DNA
To obtain detailed Y and mitochondrial DNA results, you’ll need to test with Family Tree DNA. They are the only vendor offering these tests.
For autosomal matching, you can test with a number of vendors including: Family Tree DNA, Ancestry, 23andMe and MyHeritage.
You can read more about the different kinds of testing here, and a comparison of the different tests and vendors here.
50% the Same – 50% Different
Siblings share approximately 50% of the same DNA of the parents. The other 50% is different DNA that they received from the parents that the other sibling did not receive.
In the conceptual example above, you can see that each child inherited 4 segments of the 8 total offered by their parents. Only two of those segments were the same for both siblings, segments 3 and 4. Of these two siblings, no one inherited parental segments 7 and 8. Perhaps a third child would.
In other words, siblings can expect to see many of the same people in their match list and several that are different. In our example, the same people would be matching both siblings on segments 3 and 4. People matching child 1 but not child 2 would be matching on segments 1 and 2. People matching child 2 but not child 1 would be matching on segments 5 and 6.
The reason you’ll see the same people on your match list is because you did inherit 50% of the same DNA from your parents.
There are two reasons you’ll see different matches on your match lists.
Some of your matches on your list that don’t match your sibling will be because the two siblings inherited different pieces of DNA from their parents. Your sibling will match people on the DNA that they received from your parents that you didn’t receive, and vice versa.
Some Matches are Identical By Chance (IBC)
Another reason for different matches is because you and your sibling will have people on both of your match lists that don’t match either parent as a result of IBC or identical by chance matching. That’s where the DNA of your match just happens to match you by virtue of zigzagging back and forth between your Mom’s and Dad’s DNA that you carry.
As you can see in this example, your pink DNA came from your Mom, and blue from your Dad, but your match carries some of both values, T and A. This means they match you, but not because they match either of your parents. Just an accident of circumstance. That’s what IBC is.
Telling the Difference
I wrote about matches that are identical by descent (IBD), meaning because you inherited that DNA from your parents, and identical by chance (IBC) in this article.
Unfortunately, your DNA is mixed together and without other known relatives testing, it’s impossible to discern which DNA is inherited from your mother and which from your father. This is exactly why we encourage people to have known relatives test such as parents, grandparents and cousins. Who you match on which segments indicates where those segments descended from in your family tree.
If one or both parents are living, that’s the best way of discerning which matches are identical by descent and which are by chance.
A recent project with Philip Gammon showed by segment size the likelihood is of a match being genuine or identical by chance. If both parents have tested, he offers the free Match-Maker-Breaker tool to do this analysis for you.
The bottom line is that when comparing your matches to those of your siblings, about 20-25% of everyone’s total matches are identical by chance, especially those at lower centiMorgan levels.
The remaining 80% or so will be divided roughly half and half, meaning half will match you and a sibling both, and half will only match you. Therefore, you will be looking at roughly 40% of your matches being in common with a particular sibling, 40% not matching your sibling but being legitimate matches and the remaining 20% that are identical by chance.
Test Parents and Family Members
Of course, because you do share roughly half of the same DNA inherited from your parents, you will have some matches to both you and a sibling that are identical by chance in exactly the same way. Just finding someone on both of your match lists doesn’t guarantee that the match ISN’T identical by chance.
The best way to eliminate identical by chance matching, of course, is to test your parents. Sadly, that isn’t always possible.
The next best way to determine legitimate matches is to test other family members. At Family Tree DNA, they provide customers with the ability to link the DNA tests of family members to their proper location in your tree, and then Family Tree DNA utilizes the common DNA segments to determine common matching between you, that family member(s), and other people.
Those people who match you and a family member on the same segment are then identified as either paternal or maternal matches, based on their position in your tree.
Identifying Lineage
When thinking about who to test, half-siblings, if you have any are, a wonderful way to differentiate between maternal and paternal matches. Because you and a half sibling share only one parent – which side of your tree those common matches come from is immediately evident!
Of my matches at Family Tree DNA, you can see that of my total 3165 matches, 713 are paternal and 545 are maternal, with 4 being related to both sides. Don’t get too excited about those “both sides” matches, they are my descendants!
Paternal and maternal bucketing is a great start in terms of identifying which matches are genealogical – and that’s before I do any actual genealogy work. All I did was test, create or upload a tree and connect tested family members to that tree.
Ethnicity is a slippery fish. I generally only consider ethnicity estimates reliable at the continental level. There are lots of reasons that siblings will receive somewhat different ethnicity results including the internal algorithms of the various vendors. You can read about what is involved in ethnicity testing here.
Transfers Give You More For Your Money
If you test at one of the vendors, you may be able to transfer to other vendors as well as GedMatch. In the chart below, you can see which vendors accept transfers from other vendors. You can read more here.
Have Fun
Lots of people are now testing their DNA and I hope you and your siblings will find some great matches among the new testers. The great thing about siblings, aside from the fact that they are your siblings, is that you can leverage each other’s DNA matches. Just one more way to share and move the genealogy ball forward.
This standard disclosure appears at the bottom of every article in compliance with the FTC Guidelines.
Hot links are provided to Family Tree DNA, where appropriate. If you wish to purchase one of their products, and you click through one of the links in an article to Family Tree DNA, or on the sidebar of this blog, I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase. Clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. This affiliate relationship helps to keep this publication, with more than 900 articles about all aspects of genetic genealogy, free for everyone.
I do not accept sponsorship for this blog, nor do I write paid articles, nor do I accept contributions of any type from any vendor in order to review any product, etc. In fact, I pay a premium price to prevent ads from appearing on this blog.
When reviewing products, in most cases, I pay the same price and order in the same way as any other consumer. If not, I state very clearly in the article any special consideration received. In other words, you are reading my opinions as a long-time consumer and consultant in the genetic genealogy field.
I will never link to a product about which I have reservations or qualms, either about the product or about the company offering the product. I only recommend products that I use myself and bring value to the genetic genealogy community. If you wonder why there aren’t more links, that’s why and that’s my commitment to you.
Thank you for your readership, your ongoing support and for purchasing through the affiliate link if you are interested in making a purchase at Family Tree DNA, or one of the affiliate links below:
I’m so excited I can hardly type. Taking the time to write this means garnering a huge amount of self-control, because it’s not AT ALL what I want to be doing right this minute.
Let me tell you why!
Huge drum roll…..please.
A forever brick wall is beginning to crumble.
I said beginning, because it’s in the process…thanks to DNA.
For brick walls in the current generation, meaning for adoptees or unknown parent or grandparent situations, when just the right matches appear, meaning generally first or second cousin, or closer, it’s a matter of narrowing the candidates coming forward in time. Genealogical brick walls are different.
When working on historical walls, further back in time, the process isn’t nearly so straightforward and solving those brick walls takes a huge amount of work and patience with some luck sprinkled in the recipe. Plus, you’re going backward in time where the matches are more tenuous and the matching segments smaller. That means it’s more difficult to draw conclusions.
Let me give you a quick example.
I have one particularly difficult line where I don’t know the identities of three women in generational succession, wives of the males in a direct paternal line. It looks like this:
As you can see, these unknown wives are several generations back in time, and I never, EVER thought I’d break through this brick wall, but I’m in that process.
Now, I know you’re dying to ask how this is being done, so I’m going to tell you.
The Peephole
In my father’s line, I’ve had several cousins test. Many, probably 20, but not all of them reach back to this particular line, although several do. I’ve simplified the example above for illustration purposes. (I will eventually write the details, when I have more proof.)
My known cousins have matches with other people (previously unknown before DNA matches) also descended from the gggg-grandfather born in 1747. Let’s call him gggg-grandfather Jones. That’s not his surname, but I don’t want to start any genealogy rumors before I’m positive, because that’s how surnames get attached incorrectly to trees based on speculation and hypothesis.
I sorted through the matches for all of the known cousins descended from this line, looking for segments that people with known Jones Ancestry carry.
Then, I triangulated those segments. In some cases, with the assistance of those previously unknown matches.
I must say that the cousin who tested from my grandmother’s generation (although not her direct line) was immeasurably helpful. He was in his 90s and welcomed the opportunity to contribute to our family history. As it turns out, that just might be his legacy!
Segment Goldmines
There turned out to be three segments in particular that were particularly interesting, shared by several different matches, and triangulated with known Jones descendants.
However, there were several people who also triangulated on these segments with Jones descendants, and each other, but who DO NOT HAVE KNOWN JONES ANCESTRY. Some have extensive trees with no opportune holes where a Jones might fit.
However, as I evaluated the surnames of the people who were matching each other on a Jones DNA segment, I discovered a trend. The trend is the surname Campbell, AND, in (at least) one case, one of the Jones segments is ALSO triangulated to the Campbell family. We’re not talking small segments either. Here’s an example of a portion of that triangulating segment on chromosome 17.
Now, if the same segment is triangulated to the Jones line AND to the Campbell line, then the Jones line obviously carries some Campbell DNA which is descending through the Jones males. Or conversely, the Campbell line has some Jones DNA that is passing through the Campbell line.
To illustrate, the three segments have the following characteristics.
Chromosome 17 is the one that triangulated to BOTH the Jones and Campbell lines.
I feel like we’ve just punched a hole though a brick wall. It may be a tiny hole today, but rest assured, I’ll be whittling away at that wall.
The Key to Success
The bottom line here is that I THINK I’m on to the surname of one of those missing Jones wives.
This isn’t the first time I’ve done this using a similar technique for one of my lines, it’s the third. The difference is that in the earlier cases, I had a potential surname for the wife. This time, I had no idea. With the greater numbers of people testing, breaking down brick walls using this type of methodology is getting easier and easier.
The key is to have as many cousins as possible test. Every time you convince a cousin to test, or pay for a test of someone related in some fashion, it’s a gift to yourself as well as them.
Me, sheepishly: OK, it might just be a gift for you! 😊
Coupons For Your Breakthrough
It’s Monday, so the Family Tree DNA coupons have been distributed for the week. If you wanted to order a DNA test for holiday giving, but didn’t get it done in time, you can simply print a picture of a present or a double helix and the order confirmation page, put it in a box and wrap it up!
That simple.
If you are already a Family Tree DNA customer, your Holiday Reward coupon is listed on your personal page. If not, or you can’t use yours for what you want to purchase, here are some of mine (plus extra, thanks to cousin Jim) that you can use. This week’s discounts are great and you can use most of them for any purchase over a certain dollar threshold, although those coupons are restricted to new products, not upgrades to existing projects.
Just click here to check your page or redeem the coupons below.
If you have coupons to share, please feel free to list those in the comments.
This standard disclosure appears at the bottom of every article in compliance with the FTC Guidelines.
Hot links are provided to Family Tree DNA, where appropriate. If you wish to purchase one of their products, and you click through one of the links in an article to Family Tree DNA, or on the sidebar of this blog, I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase. Clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. This affiliate relationship helps to keep this publication, with more than 900 articles about all aspects of genetic genealogy, free for everyone.
I do not accept sponsorship for this blog, nor do I write paid articles, nor do I accept contributions of any type from any vendor in order to review any product, etc. In fact, I pay a premium price to prevent ads from appearing on this blog.
When reviewing products, in most cases, I pay the same price and order in the same way as any other consumer. If not, I state very clearly in the article any special consideration received. In other words, you are reading my opinions as a long-time consumer and consultant in the genetic genealogy field.
I will never link to a product about which I have reservations or qualms, either about the product or about the company offering the product. I only recommend products that I use myself and bring value to the genetic genealogy community. If you wonder why there aren’t more links, that’s why and that’s my commitment to you.
Thank you for your readership, your ongoing support and for purchasing through the affiliate link if you are interested in making a purchase at Family Tree DNA, or one of the affiliate links below:
