Category Archives: AncestryDNA

Ancestry Reverts ThruLines to the Original View

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Just a quick note to let everyone know that Ancestry has reverted ThruLines back to the original, legacy version, and has obsoleted the new pedigree view. I wrote about the new version in the article Ancestry’s ThruLines Has a New Pedigree View just three days ago.

  • If you didn’t yet have the new version of ThruLines, you won’t receive it because it has now been obsoleted.
  • If you DID have the new version, everyone has now been reverted back to the original or legacy version, including the important “Evaluate” feature that was missing in the new version

It’s always a good thing when vendors listen to their customers.

That said, I hope Ancestry is working on a new and truly “improved” version that combines the best features of both views, including Evaluate, as suggested by many customers and blog readers, and provides customers with the option to default to either view.

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Ancestry’s ThruLines Has a New Pedigree View

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Update: Ancestry obsoleted this new feature on December 5, 2025.

Ancestry recently updated ThruLines and introduced a new pedigree view.

I’m not sure that everyone has the new view yet, so here’s what to expect.

If you do have the new feature, let’s take a look, because there’s new functionality you may not have discovered.

When I signed in and clicked on ThruLines on the DNA tab, the first thing I saw certainly looked different. Needless to say, I was surprised because I wasn’t expecting anything new.

Click on any image to enlarge

This doesn’t look anything like what we’re used to, but Ancestry provides navigation buttons.

One person mentioned that the new view was so small they couldn’t really see clearly, but by rolling your mouse button up or clicking on the little “+” button in the upper right-hand corner, it’s easy to enlarge.

That said, on this and especially on subsequent screens, I would very much like for there to be less white space at the top, or have a “full screen” option.

You can navigate up your tree by clicking on the little up arrows above the ancestors in the top row.

The Tile Display is Still There

But perhaps more importantly for people who prefer the previous display, it’s actually right there.

Click on the little tile button to switch from the pedigree to the traditional tile view.

It’s easy to toggle back and forth.

Take a look at the new ThruLines layout. If you don’t like it, select the tiled version

Why Do I Like the Pedigree View?

I like the pedigree view because it lets me easily see how people connect with each other. While I’m intimately familiar with the more recent generations, I don’t like the more distant ancestors all being smooshed together in the tile view.

In the pedigree view, I can see how many of my matches descend from each ancestor in the tree format.

Clicking on that number opens the dropdown showing the matches and how they descend from that ancestor.

In these expanded tree views, we really do need a full-screen option. It is challenging to see the entire sequence of descent.

My focus right now is on determining if anyone that I match carries the mitochondrial DNA of my paternal grandmother. On other ancestral lines, I have both the Y-DNA and mtDNA from generations back in time, but not my grandmother. I’m hoping to remedy that.

This layout makes it easy to see that there are many potential candidates for generations upstream. If I find the right person, descended from that ancestor through all females to the current generation, which can be male, I’ll be offering them a DNA testing scholarship for a mitochondrial DNA test at FamilyTreeDNA.

Suggestions for Improving the View

Perhaps Ancestry will provide the option of selecting a default view, so we can select our favorite – tile or pedigree – plus a full-screen option for pedigree view.

Another alternative would be for the pedigree view to be horizontal and extend left to right instead of top to bottom, the same as Ancestry’s traditional trees.

Truthfully, I really like the pedigree format and functionality of the new ThruLines pedigree view, but I greatly prefer the layout of this traditional tree. It’s much easier to see and is expandable without running off the top or bottom of the screen. Maybe Ancestry could combine the best features of both.

Update: A sharp-eyed reader caught that the “Evaluate” feature is now gone, which used to allow you to evaluate other people’s trees that suggested the ThruLines connection. This is really important, and I hope that Ancestry restores it. Genealogists must evaluate everything and weigh the evidence when determining if a connection is accurate.

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How to Use Ancestry’s New Match Clusters and What They Mean

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Ancestry recently introduced matches by cluster a new ProTools feature that clusters your matches together. And no, before you ask, this is not the long-awaited triangulation.

Ancestry’s new match clusters are a grid-based visualization of your shared matches.

Manual clustering was introduced by Dana Leeds in September of 2018, and, appropriately, named the Leeds Method.

You’ve probably seen similar automated clustering features at Genetic Affairs, MyHeritage, and GEDmatch. Now Ancestry has climbed on the bandwagon, too.

The purpose of clustering is to group your matches that also match each other together. Clustered matches don’t necessarily match on the same segments, which is what defines triangulation.

Cluster members who match each other share common ancestors. Grouping them together in clusters helps you figure out the ancestor for the entire group.

Note that clustering requires a ProTools subscription, in addition to either an Ancestry family history membership or AncestryDNA Plus. Ancestry’s subscription model can be viewed here.

Let’s take a look at Ancestry’s clusters, discuss how clusters work conceptually, and then how clusters can help us with our genealogy.

Viewing Your Clusters

Sign on, select DNA, Matches, and then “By cluster.”

Everyone in a cluster matches you, and many of your matches match each other too.

Ancestry, in their Clustering introduction and support article, explains that:

  • Clustering looks at matches on each side of your family between 65 cM and 1300 cM.
  • They exclude close family members, such as parents, children, siblings, half-siblings, aunts, uncles and their children. Many of the people designated as “Close Family” on my match list are included in clusters, so “Close Family” on your match list is not the same as “close family” who is excluded from clusters.
  • While cousins are very useful to separate matches, close relatives like parents and siblings would be in just about every cluster, so they aren’t useful.
  • Ancestry compares your qualifying matches to see who shares 20 cM or more of DNA with each other
  • People who all match you above 65 cM, AND each other at 20 cM or greater, after Timber, are candidates to form a cluster. Not everyone in a cluster matches everyone else, but everyone matches some other cluster members.

To be clear, Ancestry includes SOME qualifying people in clusters, but not all people who qualify. We don’t know how or why that decision is made, but not everyone who meets these qualifications is included in a cluster.

While that’s frustrating and confusing, the clusters we do have are valuable for determining where those people fit in the puzzle, plus, I’ve developed an easy workaround for those unclustered shared matches.

Let’s view your clusters.

Viewing Your Cluster Members

I have two separate Ancestry DNA tests because I tested on two different chip versions. I have intentionally used all of the tools on one kit, and have not on the other, so that I can see a test “in the raw” compared to one that has utilized all of Ancestry’s available tools.

I refer to the first test as my V1 “tricked out” version, and the second test, V2 is “less developed”.

My cluster results are somewhat different between the two.

Also, every time you sign in or click on “By cluster,” Ancestry recalculates your clusters, so they may be slightly different from one time to the next, or one day to the next. This could be a function of Clusters being in Beta, or maybe not. New matches may also force reclustering, of course, but I haven’t had new qualifying matches since clusters was released. Basically, Ancestry uses between first and third cousins to define clusters.

Roberta’s V2 “Less Developed” Test

I’m starting with the less developed V2 test, because I did NOT use SideView to designate which parent is which by assigning either identifiable unique ethnicity or known matches to a specific parent. Everyone who can should utilize SideView.

Ancestry does their best to assign clusters to one parent or the other, even if you don’t (or can’t) designate parental “sides,” meaning which parent is which.

At the top of the cluster page, you’ll see tabs for “All”, “Parent 1”, and “Parent 2.”

The default view is “All,” so clusters from both parental sides are included in this display, if you have clusters on both sides.

Even though I did NOT use sideview to designate which parent certain matches or ethnicity are from, Ancestry was able to identify some clusters from Parent 1 and some from Parent 2. In total, I have 9 clusters with a total of 92 different people in those clusters.

In this test, you can see the clusters at the top of the page, but my V1 “tricked out” test is different.

Roberta’s V1 “Tricked Out” Test

I have used SideView to indicate parental “sides” using my ethnicity and/or known close matches for this test.

If you have used Sideview to indicate which side is which, then your cluster selections will say “All,” “Maternal,” and “Paternal.”

Notice, though, that this test does NOT show any of my clusters at the top like the V2 test did, just the dropdown description boxes where you can view each individual cluster.

This is because I have more than 100 cluster members, but it’s anything but intuitive and is apparently what the message, “Chart view is available for clusters of 100 matches or fewer,” is trying to tell me. However, I had no idea what “chart view” was, or, without adding the totals from each cluster, that I have more than 100 cluster members. In other words, no one who sees this will know what is missing, or why. Now you know!

Fortunately, I have other tests available from other testers that I could check.

For example, I manage my Acadian cousin’s test. He is heavily endogamous and has more than 700 people in his clusters. His clusters don’t show at the top of his page either. The tests I manage with less than 100 cluster members all show their clusters when they first open their cluster page.

This restriction also pertains to the number of matches within any individual cluster. Essentially, a cluster or combined clusters of 100 people is just about all that can be displayed on a computer screen, left to right.

Regardless, either way, your entire group of clusters is shown together initially, either in the grid format, which they’ve named “chart format” if 100 or fewer, and in a list accessible via dropdowns for everyone.

My Clusters

I’m using my V1 “tricked out” test for the rest of this article because it’s the one where I’ve used all the available tools. Therefore, my best result should be obtained using this test.

Ancestry has created eight clusters for me with a total of 102 members, which is why I don’t see the nice little grid view at the top of my list, but my V2 test with only 92 cluster members displays the chart/grid view.

To view any individual cluster, click on the dropdown box. If the clusters are displayed at the top, scroll down to the dropdown boxes beneath the colorful cluster view.

After clicking the down arrow, here’s a view of my first cluster.

  • All of these people match me at a qualifying level meaning 65-1300 cM and are not a close relative.
  • Not everyone included in a cluster will match each other.
  • The colored cells indicate matches, meaning those people also match each other at 20 cM or greater.
  • The non-colored or “blank” cells indicate that those two intersecting people don’t match each other at 20 cM or more. It does NOT mean they don’t match each other at all, just not above 20 cM which is the lowest amount of shared DNA between your matches that you can see using ProTools.

The first person in this cluster, meaning “DP”, the person in the top row (also the first column), matches everyone else in the cluster. The second person, “ER”, matches everyone except five people in the cluster, and so forth.

Hovering over any colored cell tells you how closely these two individuals are related to each other.

Scrolling down below the cluster displays your match information to each cluster member, including whether they have a tree and their estimated relationship to you.

I label my matches by MRCA, or most recent common ancestor, in the notes field. If Ancestry can identify a common ancestor based on both of your trees, they will note that there is a “Common ancestor,” which is ThruLines. To view additional information, click on that link.

Each cluster can be traced back to an ancestral couple.

My first cluster has 27 members, and I had previously figured out how most of them are related to me, meaning our common ancestor. I had already labeled them accordingly in the Notes field, and also by creating “group labels” for each ancestral couple, which we’ll discuss in a minute.

Of these 27 cluster members:

  • 13 track back to Lazarus Estes and Elizabeth Vannoy
  • 3 track back to John Y. Estes and Martha Ruthy Dodson
  • 4 have private trees
  • 2 have no trees
  • 2 have very tiny trees
  • 2 people share multiple ancestors with me, so they may be in other clusters too
  • The common ancestor of 3 cluster members remains a mystery, but I know this is “how” they are related because they are a member of this cluster

Clusters may contain people with generational differences. For example, it’s very likely that this entire cluster descends from John Y. Estes and Martha Ruth Dodson, but 13 people can only be tracked to Lazarus Estes and Elizabeth Vannoy based on their trees alone. No one in this cluster can be traced to Elizabeth Vannoy’s parents. Since 3 cluster members can be traced to Lazarus Estes’s parents, the entire cluster probably originated with John Y. Estes and Martha Rutha Dodson.

However, for now, I’m assigning this cluster to Lazarus and Elizabeth.

Viewing Maternal and Paternal Groups of Clusters

By clicking on either Maternal or Paternal at the top, you see a view of multiple maternal or paternal clusters, so long as the total number of members isn’t over 100.

I have three clusters on my mother’s side: two fairly large ones, plus the small green third cluster.

I can tell by the matches, some of whom I know, that the purple cluster is my mother’s paternal side, and the blue cluster is my mother’s maternal side.

The green cluster also includes my mother’s paternal line. How do I know this? The grey cells indicate people who are members of both clusters. Grey cells are intersections between two different clusters.

Follow the first person, “DZ”, or any purple person, through the purple cells, across the blue cells to their first grey cell, then directly down to the green cell, and those two people are members of the green cluster too.

So, for any one person, to see how many clusters they are a member of, and who they match in every cluster, just follow their row straight across, left to right. Or straight down, if you prefer top to bottom.

If you’re wondering how someone could be in BOTH my mother’s maternal and paternal clusters, the answer is first cousins and their descendants who descend from both of my grandparents.

Cluster Members in Multiple Clusters

Please note that when viewing cluster members in the cluster dropdown boxes, that:

  • When someone is a member of BOTH the purple and green cluster, they are only listed as a member of ONE cluster, not both.
  • Therefore, any individual person is only listed once, not in each cluster of which they are a member.
  • This also means they are only counted once, not twice.

For example, the person in the first row, “DZ”, is a member of both the purple and the green cluster, but in the cluster dropdown, DZ is only listed as a member of the purple cluster, NOT the green cluster. It’s exactly the opposite for “MF” who is a member of both, but is listed only in the green cluster but not the purple cluster.

Looking back at the image, you can see that everyone in the green cluster is also a member of either the purple cluster, the blue cluster, or all three.

Someone that is a member of two clusters, but only listed in one cluster, was very confusing until I realized what was going on. This makes it unnecessarily difficult to identify clusters and associate them with ancestors.

However, I created an easy workaround.

While listing someone who is a member of multiple clusters in only one cluster makes it difficult to identify ancestors with whom clusters are associated, you can overcome this by creating a separate spreadsheet or chart and manually add the people associated with two or more clusters. Just follow each person’s row across left to right and use the grey squares in the cluster image. Of course, your analysis will reveal WHY they are members of multiple clusters.

This approach works as long as you don’t have more than 100 people on either your maternal or paternal side, respectively. If the page of clusters is larger than 100, you can’t see the multiple cluster image, so you’re out of luck tracking matches in multiple clusters because you need to see those grey cells.

One person who is a member of two clusters means that they are in a cluster for each of two different ancestral couples. For example, let’s say Cousin John is in a cluster for Joe Smith and Jane Johnson. He’s also in a second cluster for Jane Johnson’s parents. Cousin John could be in a third cluster too, for Joe Smith’s parents, or a different ancestral couple on his other parent’s side.

Every cluster has their own unique history and it’s your job to figure out which ancestral couple each cluster represents. .

For example, I’ve scrolled down on my Paternal Clusters to the bottom. I have five clusters, and you can see that many people are members of multiple clusters. Some people are in four clusters, counting the marks in the spaces for the various clusters for each match.

One person is a member of all five clusters, but I happen to know some of my matches descend separately from both sides of my father’s family – so we have pedigree collapse. These people could also be descendants of my aunts and uncles, for example, so we do share all of our ancestors on my father’s side.

It’s easiest to work with clusters if we create cluster groups.

Creating and Using Cluster Groups

Groups allow you to tag someone with various colored group labels that you define for your genealogy.

I created a new group for each of my 8 clusters. You can easily create the new group and tag everyone at the same time by clicking on “Add All” at the top, which opens your defined groups, at right. You can either select an existing group, or create a new one. You can assign this group identifier to everyone in this cluster, or just some people by checking their box (at far left), or not. Remember, your matches are only listed in ONE cluster, so you’ll need to add people into multiple cluster groups manually.

I’m using the grouping feature to track who is in which cluster or clusters, and who is not. Please note that I found assigning a group to everyone in the cluster using the “Add all” feature to be a bit buggy, so check closely to be sure the clusters are recorded correctly and everyone who should be labeled with a group cluster tag actually is. Also, be sure to click on “Save changes” at the bottom.

Returning to my primary DNA match list, now it’s easy to see who is and is not included in a cluster, or multiple clusters based on my group tags.

Of my first four matches, two are maternal and two are paternal, and they are assigned to a purple or a yellow cluster accordingly.

Who’s Missing?

To quote another genetic genealogist, many qualifying matches who clearly meet the cluster criteria “have been left on the cutting room floor.”

I noticed that several of my cousins are missing from my clusters. Known cousins are used to identify matches. While these people clearly don’t fall in the ecluded “Close Family” category, they are certainly close enough to be very useful, first to third cousins, and meet the cluster criteria.

Adding to the confusion, many who match me more distantly, AND match these people, ARE included in clusters.

So, if you think you’re imagining things, no, you’re probably not!

Let’s take a look.

The first person NOT included in a cluster is only my 10th match, “MB” a suggested second cousin with whom I share 238 cM.

You can see that the people both above and below her on the list are included in clusters. Even more confusing is that a ThruLine has been formed, which is what the “Common Ancestor” designation means.

That makes it even easier for me to identify the cluster, so one would think that matches with ThruLines would be a priority to include in clusters.

The second cluster criterion is that the match also matches other people in the cluster with 20 cM or more. Looking at our shared matches, that’s clearly the case. All of our closest common matches are also clustered, but “MB” is not.

I’m baffled.

We have 20 pages of common matches. Of the first 25 matches, 22 are clustered and 3 are not, which is also a bit baffling. All meet the criteria.

One reason that someone might not be clustered is that two matches are too closely related to each other, like parent and child, and the other person is already clustered. But that’s not the situation here. In fact, MBs adult child, my third cousin, is also on my match list and is also not clustered, although people on both sides of MB’s child are in clusters too.

As I work down my match list, by the 5th page or so, there’s little consistency between who is and is not a cluster member. Each match page displays 20 matches. On the 7th page, there are only 5 matches who are clustered, sprinkled between the rest who are not. All of those matches meet the criteria and so do our shared matches.

At the point on my match list where clustering ends, and no one else further down my match list is a cluster member, that person shares 67 cM with me, and they share 20 cM or more with all of our 31 shared matches. Of our shared matches, five share more than 65 cM with me, so no matter how you slice it, we all qualify to be in a cluster, several of us together. In fact, four of the other five are members of cluster 4, but the other two are not.

There are a total of 35 people who match me at 66 cM to 238 cM who clearly qualify to be in a cluster, but who are not. If the threshold is actually 65 cM, instead of “above 65 cM,” there are six more.

Easy Workaround

While having clusters formed with all of the qualifying members would be extremely useful, I’ve found a way to work around it, using my spreadsheet.We are going to use these clusters as seeds to grow into something better.

I’ve identified the ancestral couple associated with cluster members and labeled each cluster with their name. The omitted shared matches between me and cluster members should be in the same or a related cluster, barring issues like pedigree collapse and endogamy.

In this example, Omitted person #1 matches with both DZ and SL in cluster 1, so should be in Cluster 1. Omitted person #2 matches MF and LS in Cluster 2, so they should be a member of Cluster 2. Of course, I’ll be reviewing everyone’s trees and sometimes doing their genealogy for them to uncover our common ancestor.

So, while Ancestry’s clusters may not cluster everyone that they logically should, you can:

  1. Use the clusters that have formed
  2. Combined with shared matches to other cluster members
  3. To further identify, or at least find hints pointing to common ancestors

Now, let’s analyze the clusters.

My Cluster Results

So, what have I been able to do with Ancestry’s clusters?

Ancestors defined by clusters can be identified in multiple ways:

  • Because the tester is known
  • A match has a common ancestor in their tree
  • You extended their tree to find your common ancestor
  • A ThruLine has been formed

I’ve placed cluster numbers on ancestor couples identified as common ancestors with cluster members.

  • 1 cluster descends from my paternal great-grandparents (cluster 1)
  • 3 clusters descend from my paternal great-great-grandparents (clusters 2, 3 and 4)
  • 1 cluster descends from my maternal great-great-grandparents (cluster 6)
  • 1 cluster descends from my maternal great-great-great-grandparents (cluster 5)
  • 2 of the smallest clusters can be identified only to grandparents, meaning just the maternal or paternal side (clusters 7 and 8)

Conversely, that means clusters didn’t develop for:

  • My father’s grandfather, Joseph B. Bolton’s line
  • My mother’s grandfather’s line, Hiram Bauke Ferverda
  • My mother’s grandmother’s father’s line, John David Miller
  • My mother’s grandmother’s line, Ellenora Kirsch

How Can Clusters Kick-Start Your Genealogy?

The answer to how clusters can help you depends, in part, on your goals.

If you’re searching for unknown parents, grandparents, or even great-grandparents, and assuming enough other people have tested, clusters should work well for you.

  • Of my 8 clusters, all can be identified maternally or paternally, meaning those sets of grandparents.
  • Keep in mind, though, that I identified my maternal and paternal “side” through Sideview for my V1 “tricked out” test, so your mileage without having indicated parental “sides” may vary a bit. My V2 test where I did not select sides, still had about 90% of the clustered matches of my V1 test with Sideview. Clusters are essential for people seeking unknown, relatively closely related family members.
  • If you’re searching for unknown parents or grandparents, smaller clusters that include members from several larger clusters, especially all clusters on one of your parent’s sides, may be pointing to grandparents.
  • Please note that clusters always identify a couple, not an individual. As soon as you can identify which one of the couple by matching with someone who descends from one of that ancestors’ siblings, then you’re automatically bumped back another generation to their parents.
  • You may only be able to identify a cluster match to a generation closer in time.
  • Remember that Ancestry’s clustering is not triangulation, so your matches may not match on the same segment. You could match person A due to one set of ancestors, person B due to another set of ancestors, and A and B could match each other due to a third set of ancestors.
  • This, in part, is why clustering is useful, as it reduces, not eliminates, the possibility of that happening because you’re dealing with groups of people, not just 3, multiple match criteria, and larger size segments.
  • When pedigree collapse or endogamy is involved, the three (or multiple) people may match due to different ancestors that they can’t identify because the group of matches shares multiple or many ancestors. Think of either first cousins marrying each other a couple of generations ago, which is pedigree collapse, or endogamous groups like Acadians or Jewish people, isolated cultural groups who intermarried for generations.
  • Triangulation, which clusters are NOT, further reduces ambiguity because the same segment of DNA is being measured and compared. Ancestry does not offer triangulation, but both FamilyTreeDNA and MyHeritage do in various ways.

If you’re looking to collaborate with genealogists who descend from ancestors in the past three generations, contact matches in formed clusters.

If you’re looking to break through a recent brick wall, you may be able to do that. In part, it’s a roll of the dice depending on who has tested, the size of the testing pool where your ancestors are from, combined with the unknown internal Ancestry algorithm. For example, if you descend from ancestors in an under-tested part of the world, you may have fewer or even no clusters. To aid in breaking down brick walls, utilize clusters that do form as seeds to group additional people using your cheat sheet.

If you’re an experienced genealogist trying to break through a distant brick wall, Ancestry’s clusters, as they are today, probably aren’t going to help you much, but never say never. You don’t know where that desperately needed next hint might come from. If you’re hunting for the identify of a 4th great-grandparent, pay close attention to the common ancestors of the people in your closest cluster to that unknown ancestor in your tree.

Work on each cluster. If you find a cluster you can’t attribute to one of your ancestors, compare the ancestors in the trees of each cluster member, looking for commonality. Ancestors shared between them and not you may point to your brick wall..

Use the clusters as a starting point, and continue working down your match list. Use shared matches with cluster members to continue to associate your matches with clusters, even if Ancestry doesn’t assign them. Your cheat sheet spreadsheet is your friend, and so are notes and grouping tags.

Beta

If things aren’t working quite right, remember that Ancestry’s clusters are in Beta. Just try again later.

Ancestry has also noted that they are rolling this feature out in stages, and some members won’t be able to access Clusters until December 2025.

Ancestry has announced that soon you’ll be able to create custom clusters with specific matches and cM ranges.

Try Additional Cluster Resources

Each vendor has a different pool of people who have tested there.

Other vendors and third-party tools provide cluster resources and various types of automated tree-building. I have between 18 and 40 clusters using these various tools at different places.

Take a look and see how many clusters you have, and what you can do with them at:

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If you haven’t already subscribed (it’s free,) you can receive an e-mail whenever I publish by clicking the “follow” button on the main blog page, here.

You Can Help Keep This Blog Free

I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase your price but helps me keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Thank you so much.

DNA Purchases and Free Uploads

Genealogy Products and Services

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Genealogy Books

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Leave No Stone Unturned, No Ancestor Behind: 10 Easy Steps to Capture DNA Clues

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There’s a lot, a whole lot that DNA testing can tell you. Not just your own tests, but the genetic information carried by your relatives that you do not.

Recently, I’ve been reviewing my brick walls, which led me to realize there are several ancestors who are missing their mitochondrial DNA and/or Y-DNA  results. I need these to learn more about my ancestors that can’t be revealed any other way – and to break down those pesky brick walls.

I’ve solved two mysteries recently, one thanks to a Big Y-700 test, and a second very unexpectedly thanks to mitochondrial DNA – both thanks to cousins who tested. These revelations were very encouraging, especially since there’s no way other than DNA for me to break through these brick walls. The mitochondrial test had been sitting there, waiting for what seemed like forever until just the right other person tested.

I am in the process of unlocking several brick-walled ancestors by providing testing scholarships to people who are appropriately descended from known ancestors in those lines.

Don’t leave information on the table. If I were to tell you there even MIGHT be a book available about your family, you’d overturn Heaven and Earth to find it – but you don’t need to do that. All you need to do is order DNA tests for cousins.

All cousins can provide useful autosomal DNA results, but you do need to find appropriate cousins for Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA testing.

I’m sharing the steps for how I accomplish this! You’ll be amazed at what’s out there – and someone may already have tested!

Take Advantage of the Holidays

I’m sharing NOW because it’s the holidays and you’re likely to gather with people you don’t see any other time – and because the best sale of the year for both Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA lasts from now through the end of the year.

These two factors combined mean strike while the iron is hot.

Prices for new tests and bundles are at an all-time low.

If you or your relatives have already taken a lower-level test, now is the time to upgrade to either the Big Y-700 or the mtFull Sequence test.

Step 1 – Test Yourself and Your Known Family

If you’re a male, order both the Big Y-700 test and mitochondrial DNA tests.

Be sure to click on “See More” for more useful tools.

When you receive your results, be sure to click on all of the tabs in your results, and do the same by clicking through to Discover from your account. Discover has 13 more goodies for you to help with your genealogy.

Both your personal page and Discover are essentially chapters of your own personal book about your DNA results. 25 very interesting chapters, to be precise, that are uniquely you.

I’ve written about understanding Y-DNA results here, and mitochondrial results here. My book, Complete Guide to FamilyTreeDNA, covers both along with Discover.

Discover provides robust information for Y-DNA haplogroups. If you’ve taken a Big Y-700 test, you’ll want to click through from your page to receive additional, personalized and more robust information than is available through the free public Discover tool. That said, the public version of Discover is an amazing tool for everyone.

After the new Mitotree is released for mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial haplogroups will be available in Discover too.

I can’t even begin to stress how important these tools are – in particular the Time Tree, the Group Time Tree for members of group projects, and the Match Time Tree for your own matches.

Who Can Test For What?

Once you’ve tested yourself, you will want to take a look in your pedigree chart at branches further up your tree to see who can be tested to represent specific ancestors.

Let’s begin with my father’s side.

A mother contributes her mitochondrial DNA to all of her children, so your father carries the mitochondrial DNA of his mother.

If you’re a female, and your father is available to test, you’ll want to test BOTH his mitochondrial DNA and Y-DNA, because there’s no way for you to obtain that information from your own test. Females don’t have a Y chromosome, and men don’t pass on their mitochondrial DNA.

If you’re a male, you can test your own mitochondrial DNA and Y-DNA, but you’ll need to test your father’s mitochondrial DNA to obtain his mother’s. You might still want to test your father’s Y-DNA, however, because you may discover a personal family haplogroup. How cool is that??!! Your own tiny branch on the tree of mankind!

Your father’s mitochondrial DNA provides you with mitochondrial matches and haplogroup information for your paternal grandmother – in this case, Ollie Bolton.

If your father and his siblings can’t test, then all of the children of your paternal aunts carry your paternal grandmother’s mitochondrial DNA.

If they have no children or they can’t test, then the children of Ollie Bolton’s mother, Margaret Claxton/Clarkson all carry her mitochondrial DNA, and the children of Ollie’s sisters continue the line of descent through all daughters to the current generation.

The male children of Joseph “Dode” Bolton and Margaret Claxton carry his Y-DNA. Fortunately, that’s not one of our missing haplogroups.

Yes, you may have to climb up your tree and climb down various branches to find a testing candidate.

One of the reasons I’m using this example is because, while I have a high-level haplogroup for my grandmother, Ollie Bolton, we need a full sequence tester – and I’m offering a mitochondrial DNA testing scholarship for anyone descending from Margaret Claxton (or her direct female ancestors) through all females to the current generation, which can be male.

Ok, now let’s switch to the maternal side of your tree.

On the other side of your tree, your maternal grandfather or your mother’s brothers will provide the Y-DNA of your mother’s father’s line. Your mother’s uncles or their sons will provide your grandfather’s Y-DNA line, too. In this case, that’s John Whitney Ferverda, who carries the Y-DNA of his father, Hiram Bauke Ferverda/Ferwerda.

Your maternal grandfather or his siblings will provide the mitochondrial DNA of their mother, Evaline Louise Miller.

If they are deceased or can’t test, for mitochondrial DNA, look to the children of Evaline Miller’s daughters or their descendants through all females to the current generation, which can be male.

And yes, in case you’re wondering, I do need Evaline Miller’s mitochondrial line too and am offering a scholarship.

You might have noticed that I’ve been inching my way up my tree. All of my immediate relatives have passed over already, so I’m now looking for testers that I don’t know but who I’m related to.

If you’re seeing family members anytime soon, figure out if their Y-DNA, mitochondrial DNA, or autosomal DNA would be useful for your common genealogy. Take advantage of the opportunity.

Next, you’ll want to figure out which ancestors need haplogroups and locate appropriate cousins.

Step 2 – Identify Ancestors Who Need Haplogroups

Peruse your tree to determine which of your ancestors you need haplogroup information for. To make it easy, on my computer, but never in a public tree anyplace, I store the haplogroup of my ancestor as a “middle name” so I can easily see which ones I have and which ones I need. Sometimes, I have a high-level haplogroup and either need a new tester or someone to upgrade.

Sometimes, I have one tester from a line but need a second for confirmation.

In this example, I’m not missing confirmation on any Y-DNA haplogroups (although I am further upstream on different lines,) but I do need four different mitochondrial DNA lineages.

For easy reference, make a list of all of the lines you can’t confirm with two testers from different children of the same ancestor.

You just might get lucky and discover that someone has already tested!

Step 3 – Check FamilyTreeDNA Projects

Check FamilyTreeDNA Projects to see if someone has already tested to represent those ancestors on your list.

Click here for the Group Project Search. It’s located at the very bottom of the main FamilyTreeDNA page in the footer.

I’m going to use Estes as an example since I’m the volunteer administrator of that project and am very familiar with the lineages.

I’m searching for projects that include the surname Estes.

The projects displayed on the list are projects where the volunteer administrators listed Estes as a possible surname of interest. It doesn’t mean those projects will be of interest to everyone or every line with that surname, but evaluate each project listed.

You probably want the surname project, but if there’s not a surname project for your surname, try alternate spellings or consider checking other projects.

You can see at the bottom that 384 people of both sexes by the surname of Estes have tested at FamilyTreeDNA.

Now, let’s look at the Estes project. Note that not everyone with the Estes surname has joined the Estes project.

I’ve clicked on the “Estes” link which takes me to an additional information page where I can read a description and click to view the project.

For the Estes project, you do not have to join to view the results. Nor does your surname have to be Estes. All Estes descendants of any line are welcome. Everyone can benefit from the Advanced Matching within project feature to see who else you match within the project by selecting a wide range of individual and combined filters.

Click on the Project Website link shown in the search results.

If you’re searching for a male Estes ancestor, you’ll want to review the project’s Y-DNA Results and the Group Time Tree, for sure, and possibly the Map as well.

Let’s pretend I’m trying to determine if anyone has tested who descends from my ancestor, Abraham Estes, the founding Estes ancestor in Virginia who arrived in the mid-1600s.

In the Estes project, the volunteer administrator has divided the Estes male participants by sons of Abraham, the immigrant. Only three are shown here, but there are several.

Some of the participants have completed their Earliest Known Ancestor information, in the red box. Sometimes people don’t think to update these when they make breakthroughs.

If you descend from Abraham’s son, Sylvester, three men have taken the Big Y-700. That’s the test results you need.

If you descend from Abraham’s son, Abraham, no project participants have taken the Big-Y test to represent that line, although six people have tested, so that’s great news. Maybe you can offer an upgrade scholarship to one or some of those men.

In other words, to establish the haplogroup for that lineage, at least two men need to test or upgrade to the Big Y-700, preferably through two different sons of the common ancestor. A new, more defining haplogroup is often formed every two or three generations for Y-DNA.

Your genetic pedigree chart looks a lot like your genealogy pedigree chart.

Click any image to enlarge

The project Group Time Tree shows selected groups of men who have taken Big Y tests, along with their Earliest Known Ancestor, if they’ve provided the information. This is one of the reasons why the Big Y-700 is so critically important to genealogy. The time granularity is amazing and can answer the question of whether men by the same surname descend from the same common ancestor – and when.

If you’ve taken a Family Finder autosomal test at FamilyTreeDNA, or uploaded an autosomal file from another vendor, you may match one of these men or another male that descends from the Estes line if they, too, have taken an autosomal test.

This same process applies to mitochondrial DNA, but generally surname projects aren’t (as) relevant for mitochondrial DNA since the surname changes every generation. However, sometimes other projects, such as the Acadian AmerIndian Project are quite beneficial if you have Acadian ancestry, or a geographic or regional project like the French Heritage Project, or something like the American Indian Project.

Another great way to find testers is by utilizing your Family Finder test.

Step 4 – Family Finder at FamilyTreeDNA

The next step is to see if you match anyone with the surname you’re searching for by using your autosomal test results, so select your Family Finder Matches.

At FamilyTreeDNA you’ll want to search your matches by the surname you seek. This surname search lists any tester who has that surname, or anyone who has entered that surname in their surname list. Please note that this search does NOT read ancestors in your matches’ trees. You’ll still need to view trees.

Reviewing the 32 Estes Family Finder matches reveals several men, but one man with the Estes surname has already taken a Y-DNA 25-marker test, so he would be an excellent candidate to offer a Big Y-700 upgrade scholarship. If he’s not interested or doesn’t respond, there are several more men to contact.

Click on your match’s name to display the profile card, along with the Earliest Known Ancestors, both Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups if they have tested, and the assigned haplogroup based on their testing level.

Craft an email and offer a testing scholarship. This will help both of you. I’ll provide a sample email at the end of this article.

If you match a female with an Estes surname, her father, brother, uncle or cousin may either have already tested or be willing.

If you match someone who has a different surname, that means they have an Estes surname in their surname list and may know a potential tester. If your match has a tree, click to check.

I’ve found that matching through a company where you’ve both tested is the easiest way to encourage someone to take an additional test, but certainly, it’s not the only way.

Step 5 – WikiTree

WikiTree is a quick and easy way to see if anyone has taken a Y-DNA or mitochondrial DNA test that should reflect a particular ancestor’s Y-DNA or mitochondrial DNA.

I just googled “Moses Estes 1711-1787 WikiTree” and clicked to view.

Each ancestor includes both Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA information, in addition to people who descend from that ancestor through only autosomal lines.

In this case, two men have provided their Y-DNA results that pertain to Moses Estes. They have tested at different levels, which is why they have different haplogroups. That doesn’t mean either is “wrong,” one is just more refined than the other. You can correlate their kit number with the Estes surname project. People often don’t update their haplogroup information at WikiTree when it’s updated at FamilyTreeDNA.

Please note that if the genealogy is wrong, either at WikiTree or individually, the haplogroup may not reflect the appropriate lineage for the ancestor. Check to be sure that there’s no conflict showing between two testers for the same ancestor. For example, the same ancestor clearly can’t have two different base haplogroups, like E and R. The Discover Compare tool can help you evaluate if two haplogroups are in the same part of the Y-DNA tree.

When possible, it’s always best to test a close family member to represent your lineage even if someone else has already tested.

Scan down the list of autosomal testers for that ancestor to see if there’s someone with the Estes surname.

WikiTree provides additional tools to find descendants.

Sign in to WikiTree. You’ll see the ID of the profile you’re viewing – in this case – Estes-167. Click the down arrow and select “Descendants.”

This view shows all descendants through five generations, but you can click on DNA Descendants to see only Y-DNA descendants, X-DNA, or mitochondrial DNA descendants for female ancestors.

You may find people who are living and have added themselves who you can contact to offer a DNA testing scholarship.

Step 6 – MyHeritage

At MyHeritage, you can also search your DNA matches by surname.

Click on “Review DNA Match” to view more detail, including locations. Look to see if you have a Theory of Family Relativity Match which suggests how you may be related. That’s golden!

There’s no Y-DNA information at MyHeritage, BUT, you can search by surname and view DNA matches that either carry that surname or have that surname in their tree as an ancestor.

I have a total of 75 “Estes” matches, and other than the kits that I manage, searching through my matches shows:

  • Two Estes men connected to the same small tree, but that’s OK, I’m a genealogist!

  • One Estes male match with a Theory of Family Relativity. My lucky day!

You can contact your match easily through the MyHeritage messaging system and offer a DNA testing scholarship at FamilyTreeDNA. You may also want to share your email address.

MyHeritage customers may not be familiar with Y-DNA or mitochondrial DNA testing, so you might want to share this article about the 4 Kinds of DNA for Genealogy.

MyHeritage testers can also upload their DNA file to FamilyTreeDNA for free to receive autosomal matches plus a complimentary mid-range Y-DNA haplogroup. This free haplogroup is not even close to the detailed resolution of a Big Y-700 test, but it’s something, and it may well be an enticing first step for people who are only familiar with autosomal testing.

Step 7 – At Ancestry

At Ancestry, select DNA Matches and then search by surname.

You can search by the surname of the tester, which is very useful, or by people who have Estes in their trees.

I started with the surname Estes, because it’s the most straightforward and I may find a perfect male candidate for Y-DNA. If someone’s “screen name” doesn’t show as Estes, they won’t appear in the results of this search. In other words, if your Ancestry screen name is “robertaestes” you won’t show in this search, but “Roberta Estes” will.

For mitochondrial DNA, you would want to search for the surname in your matches’ trees. Unfortunately, you cannot search for the specific ancestor in someone’s tree, at least not directly.

Of my 19 Estes surname matches, ten are males, and of them:

  • Three have unlinked trees
  • Three have very small linked trees, but I can work on extending those if need be
  • Three have public linked trees AND a common ancestor, which means ThruLines

I can review which ancestor we share by clicking on my match’s name

The Estes side of this man’s tree has only one person and is marked “private,” but Ancestry has suggested common ancestors based on other people’s trees. (Yes, I know trees are dicey, but bear with me.)

It’s also worth mentioning that you can be related through multiple lines. I share surnames from Acadian lines with this man, but that really doesn’t matter here because I’m only using autosomal matching to find an Estes male.

Click on “View Relationship” to see our common Estes ancestor’s ThruLine.

The ThruLine shows how Ancestry thinks we’re related on the Estes line.

I can also click on “View ThruLines” to see all Thrulines for John R. Estes, which shows four additional males, some of which did NOT appear in the Estes surname search, and some of which don’t appear further up the tree. In other words, check all Estes ThruLine ancestor generations.

Don’t rely solely on Ancestry’s surname search.

Go directly to your ThruLines on the DNA menu.

Ancestry only reaches back seven generations, which for me is Moses Estes and Luremia Combs. Moses has 95 matches, but he has been given some incorrect children. Again, for this purpose, it doesn’t matter. Within all ThruLine matches, I found three Estes males who all descend through John R. Estes. Check every generation.

However, Luremia Combs shows promise for mitochondrial DNA descendants. Unfortunately, only two of her daughters are represented in ThruLines, and both of their descendants descend through Luremia’s grandsons. That’s too bad, because I need Luremia’s mitochondrial DNA line.

It’s easy to message your Ancestry matches. You may want to mention that they can upload their DNA file to FamilyTreeDNA for free where they will receive more matches and males will receive a complimentary mid-level Y-DNA haplogroup.

Please note that, in general, ThruLines need to be evaluated very carefully and are prone to errors, especially if you accept Ancestry’s suggestions of ancestors instead of carefully building out your own tree. Regardless, you can still find Estes cousin matches in your match list and by using ThruLines to find people that do not show up in an “Estes” match search.

Step 8 – At 23andMe

At 23andMe, you can search for anyone who either has the Estes surname or has included that surname in their “Family surnames” list. Keep in mind that your matches at 23andMe are restricted to either 1500 if you don’t have a subscripition, or about 4500 if you do have a subscription.

On my match list, I have two males with the Estes surname.

23andMe provides a mid-level Y-DNA haplogroup. You can’t use this to confirm the lineage when comparing with FamilyTreeDNA, especially given that 23andMe provides no genealogy or user-provided tree, but it is a clue.

Both Estes men at 23andMe have Y-DNA haplogroup R-CTS241. You could use this in some cases to potentially eliminate these matches at 23andMe. For example, if men in your lineage in the Estes project are in haplogroup R and your 23andMe matches are showing as haplogroup E, or any other base haplogroup, their common ancestor is tens of thousands of years ago.

Comparing the 23andMe haplogroup, which in this case is about 4500 years old, to contemporary testers who have taken the Big Y-700, which reaches within a few generations, isn’t terribly useful. These matches are extremely useful to identify individuals to reach out to for further information and potentially offer a Y-DNA testing scholarship at FamilyTreeDNA.

Remember, this also applies to females who have included Estes in their family surnames, given that they may have Estes male relatives.

By clicking to view your match, you can see if they have provided Family Background information, including a link to a family tree someplace.

Sometimes, there’s great information here, and other times, nothing.

You can’t verify this lineage without genealogy information.

I suggest leaving a genealogy-focused message, including where they can see your tree in addition to your Estes connection. Also include your e-mail.

You may want to say that if they descend appropriately, you have a Y-DNA or mitochondrial DNA testing scholarship, or you may want to wait to see how they descend. You can also ask if they have already taken a Y-DNA or mitochondrial DNA test at FamilyTreeDNA.

Step 9 – FamilySearch and Relatives at RootsTech

We’re getting ready for RootsTech 2025 which takes place in March. In the month or so before the last two RootsTechs, FamilySearch provided an absolutely wonderful tool called “Relatives at RootsTech.”

I’ve written about this several times, but essentially, you can see, by ancestor, other people who are registered both in-person and virtually for RootsTech, and how they descend.

Here’s an example.

In both years, I’ve found several people who descended from common ancestors AND were very willing to take the relevant DNA test. That’s a huge win-win for everyone.

The best part is that because these people have freshly registered for RootsTech, the reply rate is almost 100%.

I’ll write about this as soon as RootsTech makes it available this year. Fingers crossed that they do!

Step 10 – Social Media

Social media wouldn’t be my first choice to find DNA testers, but I have found perfectly willing cousins this way. You may be less successful on Facebook or other social media platforms, but if you’re striking out elsewhere, there’s absolutely no downside to trying.

You can enter a surname and search on Facebook, but I prefer to do a Google search like “Estes genealogy on Facebook” or even just “Estes genealogy,” which will produce far more widespread information, some of which may be irrelevant.

That Facebook Google search provided the names of two groups. People join groups because they have an interest, and I’ve had good luck in Facebook genealogy groups.

A Search of “Estes” on Facebook itself, then selecting “people” provided a list of Estes Facebook users.

I’ve had far better luck by joining a group that is focused on Estes genealogy, or even a county genealogy group that includes Estes families, than individuals. People who join any Estes group or project likely have an interest in that surname.

If you have a common surname, or there’s a park named after your surname, like Estes Park, you’ll probably want to focus by using Google searches for Estes genealogy.

The Descendants of Abraham Estes Facebook group has 222 members, of whom at least 31 are males with the Estes surname. Facebook just might be an underestimated resource.

If there isn’t a genealogy-focused group for your surname, you might want to consider starting one and encouraging people to join.

It can’t hurt, and it just might help. Before you start reaching out to random people on Facebook, please do a privacy checkup – I wrote about how, here.

Sale Prices

Remember, the sale prices at FamilyTreeDNA for new tests and upgrades last through year-end.

In my experience, it’s best to test as soon as someone agrees. You never know what will happen otherwise. I’ve had people pass away before they could swab. And yes, we’ve done funeral home swabs, too.

There’s no one-size-fits-all, but here’s a rough draft contact letter.

Potential Contact Letter

You’ll want to include several critical pieces of information.

Essentially:

  • Introduce yourself
  • Say their full name on their test AND the testing company in the title of an email. I manage many tests and if I receive an email that says, “Hi, can you tell me how we match” without telling me which person they match, I can’t even begin to answer.
  • Explain your genealogy connection
  • State your purpose in writing
  • Explain how a specific test will help them too
  • Offer to answer questions

Be sure to modify this letter to reflect your own voice and circumstances. You don’t want this to read like a form letter.

Dear cousin (insert their full name here,)

It was so nice to find our DNA match at <company name> (or we share a common ancestor, or appropriate circumstance.) (If you are managing someone else’s kit, say the name of who they match and explain that you manage their DNA kit.)

I descend from (ancestor plus birth and death date) who lived in Halifax County, Virginia and was married to (spouse.) You can view my tree at (insert link that does not require a subscription for viewing unless you match them on that platform. I use MyHeritage because everyone can view their trees)

I would very much like to confirm that our line descends from Abraham Estes (or relevant information meaning your reason for wanting them to test.)

Given that my surname is x (or I’m a female), we need to test the Y-DNA of a male who is descended from (ancestor) through all males to the current generation. (Or mitochondrial DNA descended through females to the current generation which can be male.)

FamilyTreeDNA provides this testing and shows who you match on that specific line using the Y chromosome (mitochondrial DNA).

This testing may connect us with earlier ancestors. Genetics can be used to determine when we share common Estes ancestors with others who test, where we come from overseas, and when. Even if we match ancient DNA samples that may tell us where our ancestors lived before surnames. In other words, where did we come from?

(Include a nice paragraph, but not a book about your ancestral lineage here.)

I have a DNA testing scholarship for someone from this line and you are the perfect candidate. I would like to take advantage of the current sales. If you’re interested, I only need two things from you.

First, permission so that I can order (or upgrade) and pay for the test, and second, an address where to send the test (unless it’s an upgrade). (If it’s an upgrade at FamilyTreeDNA, they can use a stored sample or will sent them a new kit if there’s not enough DNA.)

If you have any questions, please let me know. I’m very excited that we may be able to learn more about our heritage.

Please email me at xxx or call me at xxx if you have questions.

Your name

I know one person who offers to review results over Zoom. Someone else stresses that the tester’s email is attached to their test and they are always in control of their results. Another person asks them to join a project they manage to assure that they can follow their matches over time.

Customize this communication in your own voice and to fit the circumstances of each match.

It’s just me, but since I’m ordering while the tests are on sale, unless the person uploads their DNA file from another vendor, I add on a Family Finder test too and explain why. You never know if they will match you or another cousin, and they may have that match that eventually breaks down the next brick wall. Shared matches are powerful evidence and it’s a lot easier to add that test on now than try to contact them again later.

You Don’t Know What You Don’t Know

Which ancestors do you need Y-DNA or mitochondrial DNA results for? Methodically check each line.

There’s so much to learn. Don’t leave information on the table by virtue of omission.

Leave no stone unturned!

You don’t know what you don’t know.

Who’s waiting out there for you?

____________________________________________________________

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Ancestry Updates Ethnicity, Renames Features, and Rearranges the Room

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How many of you woke up recently to discover things were a bit different at Ancestry?

Ancestry has renamed their DNA tools, updated some of them, and essentially rearranged the furniture in the room.

It appears that the updates are rolling out to different users at different times, so if you don’t have these updates yet, you will soon.

A lot looks different and can be confusing until you figure out where things are.

Let’s start at the beginning – the first DNA option you see – the DNA Summary.

DNA Summary

Ancestry has rearranged the furniture with a new user interface and is in the process of updating some features, including ethnicity.

Your summary now looks like this.

New Terminology

Ancestry has changed their terminology too. No, I have no idea why.

What was previously called “Ethnicity” is now called “Ancestral Regions.”

What was previously called “Communities” is now called “Ancestral Journeys” and “Origins,” which is a very unfortunate choice because FamilyTreeDNA’s ethnicity feature is called myOrigins.

Nothing confusing here, right?

Where Are My Tests

Additionally, the location to find other DNA tests you have access to has changed as well. It’s not present on all pages, and it’s in a different location on some pages.

When in doubt or if you get lost, just go back to the main summary page.

On the main DNA Summary page, on the left, you’ll see your name with a down arrow. Click on the down arrow to display the names of others whose tests you have access to. In my case, I took the original Ancestry test and, later, the V2 test, which is why you see my name twice on the list, above, of DNA tests that I have access to.

Updated Regions

Ancestry has updated the regions and subregions that they report in their ethnicity, now “Ancestral Regions,” results.

Everyone is always excited to see their new results, but keep in mind that the smaller the size of reported regions becomes, the more like comparing ancestors from Indiana to ancestors from Illinois or Ohio and hoping to find enough genetic differences in order to separate them.

I wrote the article, Ethnicity is Just an Estimate – Yes, Really, a few years ago, and it’s just as true today as it was when I wrote it. That said, ethnicity is interesting and can be useful – just understand what you’re looking at and how it works.

The good news for genealogists is that updated ethnicity, at Ancestry or any other vendor, re-engages people and rekindles interest.

People not quite as interested in genealogy as we are might sign in to see “what’s new” and discover new matches or other interesting information. Genealogy, and genetic genealogy, are team sports so the more active players, the better. Whether you are happy or unhappy with your updated results, know that they serve as “bait” for the majority of testers.

Ancestral Regions

Ancestral Regions, previously known as ethnicity at Ancestry, are geographic locations where part of your DNA matches the DNA of people whose ancestors have, in theory, been there “forever.” People with known heritage in that region, and ostensibly no other regions, are called a “reference population,” and that group of people is who others, including you, are compared to.

Ancestry and other vendors tweak their results as new people and new populations are added. Sometimes, that tweaking improves things, and other times, not so much.

You’ll hear some people complaining loudly and others singing their praises with every update, regardless of which vendor.

My Native American DNA comes and goes at Ancestry. It’s back now.

This screenshot from February 2024 shows my V1 Ancestry test compared to my V2 test. One shows my Native heritage, and the other does not.

Unfortunately, without segment location information, there’s little more you can do with your ethnicity information unless there’s a high percentage of divergent regions. For example, European versus Native American versus African versus Asian. Continental differences are easy to discern from each other, and you can compare regions with your matches.

Another revelation might be a high percentage of a really surprising region that you weren’t expecting, which might suggest a grandparent or relatively close ancestor might have a different genealogy than you thought. Ireland versus Scotland isn’t surprising, given their location and migration heritage. However, Sweden versus Italy would be an unexpected finding if you thought you had a Swedish grandparent, for example, and instead you have 25% Italian.

Ancestral Journeys

In my own experience, Ancestral Journeys is much more useful than ethnicity (Ancestral Regions), but that isn’t universal, as we’ll see in a minute.

  1. Ancestral Journeys reflects where your ancestors lived within roughly 50-300 years, while Ancestral Regions (ethnicity) generally reaches back further in time.
  2. Ancestral Journeys regions are determined by common surnames of your DNA matches and where your matches’ ancestors lived, plus those same surnames and locations in your tree.

I find this information to be mostly accurate for my own tests, as far as it goes, but that’s not universal. Several regions are identified where my ancestors originated or lived in the US, but not in Europe, where 75% of my mother’s heritage was from prior to the 1880s.

Conversely, looking at the map, my mother had no Southern Louisiana French Settlers, but her Acadian cousins settled there, so that region makes perfect sense.

Divided By Parent

Ancestry encourages you to identify your ethnicity by parent, if possible, which allows them to divide (some of) your matches.

I wrote about how to accomplish this in the article, Ancestry’s SideView – Dividing Your Ethnicity in Two.

Alternatively, if you can’t identify which parent is which by ethnicity, if you can identify matches from either parental side, you can divide your matches that way as well.

This allows Ancestry to divide your results by parent, or at least try. They offer your Ancestral Regions (ethnicity), Ancestral Journeys (formerly Communities), and Chromosome Painter by parent.

Chromosome Painter

Ancestry paints your ethnicity regions on your chromosomes. You can view both your maternal and paternal chromosomes, or one at a time.

Ancestry’s Chromosome Painter shows an image, but doesn’t provide any additional useful information such as segment addresses.

In other words, I can see that Ancestry has assigned three separate segments of my DNA as Native American on my mother’s side, but they don’t provide that location so that I can compare it with other people to identify either a common segment that can be attributed to a specific ancestor, or common ethnicity.

However, you can upload your Ancestry DNA file to FamilyTreeDNA who provides chromosome painting PLUS ethnicity segment information, so you can determine which ancestor contributed that specific segment.

Additionally, DNAPainter allows you to paint your ethnicity and matching segments with others. Neither of those features is possible at Ancestry – so don’t get confused.

Origins By Parent

Ancestry divides, or attempts to divide, your Ancestral Regions (ethnicity) by parent.

In some cases, both parents may contribute DNA from some of the same world regions, as with mine, above. However, other regions are attributed to one parent and not the other.

Sometimes, you might notice that you have a small amount of DNA from a region that neither of your parents has. This is known as “noise” and happens when the DNA of your two parents combines in you to look like a different region. You can read more about how Ancestry does this division, here.

Journeys By Parent

You can view your Ancestral Journeys by parent as well.

My maternal journeys include the Acadian homeland in maritime Canada and another region that spans Pennsylvania, the Northern Blue Ridge, and on into Ohio.

Within that second orange grouping is a darker subgroup that includes Dayton, Ohio, shown with the green arrows, where Mom’s Brethren ancestors settled after migrating from Pennsylvania and Maryland.

Clicking on the region provides additional information, including a description and timeline of settlement in that region.

Ancestry connected the dots between this specific region and some ancestors shown in my tree, although these are just a few of my known ancestors who lived in Acadia.

Ancestry only shows a total of 7, but don’t limit your thinking to just what’s shown. I have more than 60 documented Acadian ancestors in my tree. In other words, don’t assume that Ancestry is showing you every ancestor you have that might fall into a region or category. Ancestry may be displaying only select ancestors.

Ancestry then shows selected matches by either Region or Journey.

Matches by Region and Journey

I need to say this in bright red before we review matches by Region and Journey, because it’s fundamentally important.

Just because you and another individual share a specific Ancestral Region or Ancestral Journey does NOT mean that your DNA and their DNA from that common Region or Journey is from a common ancestor that you share!

The DNA that you share may be from a completely different ancestor that lived in a region that neither of you show.

This is where genealogy research is required. Don’t be lulled into complacency and assume that because you share either a Region (ethnicity) or Journey (location settlement group) that your common ancestor is connected to either.

DNA Compare

That said, let’s take a look at these matching comparison features by scrolling all the way to the bottom and clicking on “DNA Compare.”

  • The first person shown is always you.
  • The second person is my other test at Ancestry.
  • The third person, Michael, is my first cousin, with whom I share 11% of my DNA and the same amount of Acadian heritage. We are both about 6.25% Acadian through our grandmother’s father’s paternal line.
  • Paul, a more distant cousin, and I share only our Acadian heritage.
  • This view shows both parents, so the fifth match is cousin Gregory, with whom I share known Danish ancestors. However, I have less than 1% Danish heritage, not the 16% that Ancestry has attributed. That’s a big difference and is unquestionably inaccurate.

Look at the results when we compare Ancestral Journeys for the same people I’m related to through my French Acadian heritage.

My two cousins who share Acadian DNA from Nova Scotia with me aren’t shown to be in the Canadian Maritimes Acadians Ancestral Journey. They clearly have numerous Acadian ancestors, and in Paul’s case, this is the only genealogical connection we share.

Michael and I share the same Acadian great-great-grandfather, Antoine Lore. Both of us would have inherited approximately 6.25% of his DNA, although not necessarily the same DNA. Antoine only had Acadian and Native American DNA to pass on to us, so any DNA descending from Antoine has to be one or the other.

Paul is 50% Acadian, and was assigned 49% French DNA, so he absolutely should have the Acadian Ancestral Journey. If you’re wondering if Michael and Paul are actually Acadian, they are, as proven by matches and shared matches.

While our Ancestral Regions both display some amount of “French,” neither Michael nor Paul are assigned the Acadian Journey. One might argue that Michael’s 5% French wasn’t sufficient to generate the Acadian Journey – but my 3% did – plus Michael and I share several Acadian matches and all of our Acadian ancestors.

Paul is another matter entirely. Regardless of our shared matches, with unquestionable 50% Acadian heritage, meaning his entire paternal line – there’s no reason Paul shouldn’t have been assigned an Acadian Journey.

So, what’s the moral of this story?

Don’t Get Too Attached

Don’t fall in love with ethnicity, now called Ancestral Origins, because it will change from time to time. So will your Ancestral Journeys.

For better or worse.

Maintain your genealogy skepticism and work to prove or disprove ethnicity and ethnicity-related information just as you would any other hint.

Evaluate your ethnicity percentages and locations based on known and proven genealogy. I wrote the article, Ancestral DNA Percentages – How Much of Them is in You?, where I explain how to determine, on average, what percent of each of your ancestors you would expect to inherit. Remember that recombination doesn’t give you that exact percentage, though. You could have inherited more or less.

Evaluate Ancestral Origins, Ancestral Journeys, and other relationship information, such as shared matches, logically. Does anything conflict? Does anything not make sense? Did anything click? Was there an “aha” moment?

Are there surprises that you wouldn’t have expected, and can you identify other forms of corroborating evidence? Build a case, and be sure to include genealogical information in the mix as well.

Essentially, treat everything as a hint to be proven or disproven.

Furthermore, be gentle with yourself as you learn your way around the rearranged furniture in the room. You might trip over the coffee table, but you can’t break it, so scroll around and click on everything to gather as much information as possible.

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Six Ways to Figure Out How We’re Related

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In my latest Webinar, Six Ways to Figure Out How We’re Related, I discuss the various tools from Ancestry, FamilyTreeDNA, MyHeritage, and 23andMe – plus clusters from Genetic Affairs and the amazing DNAPainter.

This webinar lives in the Legacy Family Tree Webinar library, but as part of the “webtember” lineup, you can view it for free through the end of September.

It’s always exciting to discover a new match at one of the DNA testing companies, which, of course, begs the question of how you’re related.

So, what are the six ways to figure out how you’re related, and how do you use them?

Come along for a step-by-step guide!

Shared Matches

We begin with how each vendor handles shared matches, what that feature is called, where to find the information, and how to interpret what they are telling you.

23andMe goes a step further and creates a genetic tree, of sorts, although that functionality has changed since their breach last October.

Bucketing and Sides

Two vendors go a step further and provide unique tools to divide your matches maternally and paternally.

FamilyTreeDNA buckets your matches maternally and paternally (or both) based on matches you link to their profile cards in your tree. FamilyTreeDNA then uses your linked matches to triangulate with other matches and assign your matches accordingly, providing a maternal and paternal match list. Bucketing, also known as Family Matching, is one of my favorite tools.

Note that linking matches at FamilyTreeDNA requires that you have transferred your tree to MyHeritage. I wrote about that and provided instructions here and here, and produced a complimentary webinar, too.

Ancestry also divides your matches by parent, but they use a different technique based on their Sideview technology and either ethnicity or shared matches.

Surnames and Locations

Surnames and locations, either separately or together, provide HUGE hints!

MyHeritage provides a nice summary for each of your matches that includes ancestral surnames, a map of locations in common, and “Smart Matches” which shows you people in common in both of your trees. There are several ways to use these tools.

FamilyTreeDNA also provides a list of surnames. You can view either the surnames in common with a match, or all of their ancestral surnames, with locations if provided. The tester enters these surnames, and we review how to complete that step.

Ancestry also provides shared surnames, with clickable links to the number of people in your matches tree with that surname, plus common locations.

X-DNA

X-DNA is probably the most underutilized DNA matching tool. While each of the vendors actually test the X chromosome, only one, FamilyTreeDNA, provides X-matching. You can obtain X-matching results by uploading your DNA file to FamilyTreeDNA. I’ve provided upload/download instructions for all companies, here.

X-DNA has a very unique inheritance pattern because males only inherit an X chromosome from their mother which limits the number of potential common ancestors for any two testers. In other words, X-DNA matching does half your work for you!

Clustering Technology – AutoClusters, the Matrix and DNAPainter

In the past few years, match clustering has become a very useful tool. Clustering shows which of your matches match you and each other.

Genetic Affairs offers several flavors of these clusters, and both MyHeritage and GEDmatch have incorporated Genetic Affairs clusters into their product offerings.

If you haven’t used AutoClusters yet, by all means, try them out.

FamilyTreeDNA offers the Matrix, a slightly different version of clustering. You can select 10 people from your match list to see if they also match each other. Shared matches don’t automatically mean triangulation between you and those two people, or even that all three people descend from the same line. However, if the people are bucketed to your same side (parent) and they share common segments with you in the chromosome browser, they triangulate.

You’ll want to paint those matches to DNAPainter to determine which ancestor you share, especially if they haven’t provided a tree.

DNAPainter provides your chromosomes as the “canvas” upon which to paint your matches in order to correlate segments with ancestors and identify common ancestral lines with mystery matches.

Three vendors, FamilyTreeDNA, MyHeritage, and GEDmatch provide segment information with matches for you to paint. I illustrate how I walk segments back in time, identifying our most distant common ancestor possible.

Theories of Family Relativity and ThruLines

Both MyHeritage and Ancestry provide a combination of DNA matching and tree triangulation, where they search the trees of your DNA matches to find common ancestors with you – although their implementation is different.

MyHeritage’s Theories of Family Relativity provides varying theories about common ancestors for you and a specific match using both trees and historical documents. You can review the various pathways and confirm or reject theories. I love this tool.

Ancestry’s Thrulines functions a bit differently, showing you all of your matches that descend from a common ancestor in all your matches’ trees. Sometimes, the trees are incorrect, but Theories of Family Relativity and ThruLines should still be used as hints.

I showed how ThruLines helped me discover what happened to one of my ancestor’s grandchildren who was lost to the family at his mother’s death – and to all of us since. Not anymore.

Bonus – Y-DNA and Mitochondrial DNA at FamilyTreeDNA

Only FamilyTreeDNA offers both Y-DNA and Mitochondrial DNA testing and matching. All of the tools above pertain to autosomal DNA testing, which is named Family Finder at FamilyTreeDNA. Illustrated by the green arrow below, autosomal DNA testing measures and compares the DNA you inherited from each ancestral line, but that’s not the only game in town.

Y-DNA, in blue, for males, tracks the direct paternal line, which is the surname line in Western cultures. Mitochondrial DNA, in red, is passed from mothers to all of their children. Therefore, everyone can test, revealing matches and information about their mother’s direct matrilineal lineage.

Y-DNA testing includes the amazing Discover tool with a baker’s dozen different reports, including ancient DNA. Mitochondrial DNA will soon have its own MitoDiscover after the rollout of the new Mitotree.

Both tests include “Matches Maps” to help you determine how you are related to your matches, as well as where your ancestors came from before the advent of surnames.

The Advanced Matching feature allows you to select multiple tests to see if your matches match you on combined types of tests.

Tune In

Now that you know what we cover in the webinar, please tune in to see how to use these awesome tools. Be sure to fish in all four “ponds” plus GEDmatch, where you may find people who didn’t test at a company that provides a chromosome browser or matching segment information.

Tools provided by the DNA testing vendors facilitate multiple ways to determine how we match and which ancestor(s) we have in common.

You can watch the webinar, here.

Additionally, subscribers to Legacy Family Tree Webinars have access to the 25-page syllabus with even more information!

A Legacy Family Tree Webinar subscription normally costs $49.95 per year, but through the end of September, there’s a coupon code good for 20% off. Just click here, then enter webtember24 at the checkout.

Enjoy!

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DNA Academy Webinar Series Released

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Great news! Legacy Family Tree Webinars has just released DNA Academy.

DNA Academy is a three-part series designed to introduce the basics of DNA for genetic genealogy and how Y-DNA, X-DNA, mitochondrial and autosomal DNA can be utilized. Each of these different types of DNA serves a different function for genealogists – and reveals different matches and hints for genealogy.

  1. DNA Academy Part 1 introduces genetic genealogy basics, then, Ancestry’s DNA tools – including their new pricing structure for DNA features. Click here to view.
  2. DNA Academy Part 2 covers FamilyTreeDNA’s products. Click here to view the webinar, which includes:
    1. Y-DNA for males which tracks the direct paternal line
    2. Mitochondrial DNA for everyone which tracks your direct maternal line – your mother’s mother’s mother’s lineage
    3. Autosomal DNA which includes matches from all of your ancestral lines and along with X-DNA matching, which has a very distinctive inheritance path.
  3. DNA Academy Part 3 includes MyHeritage, 23andMe, and third-party tools such as DNAPainter and Genetic Affairs. Click here to view.

Legacy Family Tree Webinars has graciously made Part 2, the FamilyTreeDNA class, free through August 22nd for everyone – so be sure to watch now.

After August 22nd, Part 2 will join Part 1 and Part 3 in the webinar library for subscribers with more than 2240 webinars for $49.95 per year.

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If you haven’t already subscribed (it’s free,) you can receive an e-mail whenever I publish by clicking the “follow” button on the main blog page, here.

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I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase your price but helps me keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

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Why Don’t Our Y-DNA Haplogroups Match?

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I’ve been asked this question several times recently, and the answer is resoundingly, “it depends.” There are several reasons why Y-DNA haplogroups might not match and most of them aren’t “bad.”

How Haplogroups Work

Haplogroups are the 79,000+ branches of the Y-DNA phylogenetic tree which you can view here, along with countries where those haplogroups are found. You can think of haplogroups as genetic clans of either closely or distantly related men. Major haplogroup branches have unique letters assigned. Downstream or younger haplogroups are designated by a letter-number sequence that is always preceded by the main haplogroup letter.

Image courtesy FamilyTreeDNA

Major haplogroups were formed tens of thousands of years ago, with more recent haplogroups added as they’ve been discovered. Haplogroups are discovered and added every day thanks to the Big Y-700 test. You can read more about that process, here.

As you look at the pie chart above, you’ll notice that haplogroup R represents about half the men who have tested and has several major subbranches. Every haplogroup R man belongs to all of the branches above his own that lead back to the root of haplogroup R.

Using haplogroup R, which is R-M207, its identifying SNP, as an example, it immediately splits into two branches: R-M173, which has 37,000+ more branches, and R-M479, which has 313 branches. My Estes men fall into a haplogroup several steps beneath R-M173, but they are still members of haplogroups R-M173 and R-M207, even though their descendant haplogroup is R-BY490, which was formed by a mutation that occurred 20,000 years later.

Haplogroup R-M173, then, in turn, leads back to Y-Adam, the first man to have lived and has descendants today.

As we approach the question of why haplogroups of two men might differ, we will review tools to use and how to interpret your findings to reach the appropriate answer for your situation.

What is Your Goal?

You may be looking for a very specific answer, or this may be a more general question.

  • If you’re evaluating closely related men who have different haplogroup assignments, not matching can be very disconcerting. Breathe. There are several perfectly legitimate reasons why they may not match, and we have easy, free analysis tools.
  • If you’re looking at your Y-DNA match list at FamilyTreeDNA, you may or may not match other men closely, but you do “match” at some level if they are on your match list. You may see several different haplogroups in your match list. How closely you match those men is a different question.
  • If you’re looking at autosomal results at FamilyTreeDNA, you may see haplogroups listed for males. You may or may not “match” the haplogroup of men with the same surname. What does this mean, and why don’t you match? Your autosomal match may have nothing to do with your paternal line, or it may be because of your paternal line.

We will cover all of these scenarios.

Where Did You Both Test?

  • Are you comparing apples and apples?
  • Did you both test at the same company?
  • Did you both take the same type or level of test?

These factors all make a difference.

Which Test Did You Take?

There are four types of tests that will provide males with some level of Y-DNA haplogroup.

Autosomal Tests – Some companies include a few Y-DNA location probes in their autosomal test, meaning that they test a few haplogroup-specific Y-DNA locations. LivingDNA, 23andMe, and FamilyTreeDNA’s Family Finder test provide a mid-level Y-DNA haplogroup to customers. The haplogroup that can be determined from these tests depends on a variety of factors, including the vendor, the probes they selected for their chip, the test version, and if that location is successfully read in the test.

Note that FamilyTreeDNA supports autosomal uploads from MyHeritage and Ancestry who do not provide Y-DNA haplogroups to customers, but who do test some Y-DNA locations. Therefore you can upload your autosomal test from those companies to FamilyTreeDNA for free and receive at least a cursory Y-DNA haplogroup.

FamilyTreeDNA is currently processing all of its Family Finder tests, followed by tests uploaded from other vendors, to provide all genetic male testers with a Y-DNA haplogroup at some level. Different vendors and test versions test different Y-DNA SNPs, so your mileage may vary. Y-DNA haplogroups are a free benefit at FamilyTreeDNA.

STR Tests – At FamilyTreeDNA, you can purchase both Y-37 and Y-111 STR (short tandem repeat) Y-DNA tests that provide matching at the number of locations you purchased, plus a predicted haplogroup based on those results. These haplogroup predictions are accurate but are often relatively far back in time.

If you match someone on STR tests, your match may be very recent or before the advent of surnames. For a more specific haplogroup, you need to purchase the Big Y-700 test, which provides at least 700 STR match locations but, more importantly, sequences the entire gold-standard region of the Y-chromosome for the most precise haplogroup and matching possible.

  • When viewing matches of two men who ONLY took STR tests, STR marker matches are more important for genealogy than haplogroups because the haplogroups were formed thousands of years ago.
  • When viewing matches on the Big Y-700 test, haplogroup matching is much more specific and reliable than STR matches because the mutations (SNPs – single nucleotide polymorphisms) that form haplogroups are much more stable than STRs which mutate unpredictably, including back mutations.

SNP Confirmation Tests – Historically, FamilyTreeDNA customers could purchase individual SNPs to confirm a haplogroup, or SNP packs or bundles to do the same for a group of SNPs. With the advent of both the Family Finder haplogroup assignments, and the Big Y-700, these individual tests are no longer necessary or advantageous and are being discontinued.

Big Y-700 Test – At FamilyTreeDNA, the Big Y-700 test provides the most granular and specific haplogroup possible, most often well within a genealogical timeframe. You may be able to tell, based on previously undiscovered mutations, that two people are brothers or father and son, or, depending on who else has tested and when mutations formed, testers may match further back in time. Here’s an example of using the results from multiple testers in the Estes DNA Surname Project.

You can also match men who took the Big Y-500 test which is less specific than the Big Y-700. In the now-obsolete Big Y-500 test, a smaller portion of the Y chromosome was sequenced and testers only received about 500 STR locations. The Big Y-700 test has been enriched to provide a wider range of more specific information. Men who originally took the Big Y-500, then upgraded to the Big Y-700, will very probably have a new haplogroup assignment based on the expanded coverage and increased resolution of the Big Y-700 test. The Big Y-700 ferrets out lineages that the Big Y-500 simply could not, and continues to provide additional value as more men test, which facilitates the formation of new haplogroups.

What Do You Mean by Match?

Matching doesn’t mean you have to have the exact same haplogroup. A perfectly valid match can have a different haplogroup because one haplogroup is more specific or refined than the other. Matching exactly as a result of a predicted STR haplogroup is much less useful than matching closely on a much more recent Big Y-700 haplogroup.

Not all haplogroups are created equal.

I know this is a bit confusing, so let’s look at real-life examples to clarify.

STR to STR or Autosomal to Autosomal Haplogroup Match

Two males might match exactly on a mid-range Family Finder autosomal haplogroup or on a STR-predicted haplogroup like R-M269, which is about 6350 years old.

This haplogroup “match,” even though it might be exact, does not confirm a close match and really only serves to eliminate some other haplogroups and confirm that a closer match is possible. For example, R-M269 men don’t match someone in haplogroup J or E. You may or may not share a surname. You may or may not still “match” if you both upgrade to the Big Y-700.

In this case, a father/son pair would match exactly, as would two men with different surnames whose common ancestor lived 6000 years ago.

Note that if you’re comparing autosomal-derived haplogroups across different vendor platforms, or even different DNA testing chip versions on the same platform, you may see two different haplogroups. Different vendors test different locations. Please note that second cousins and closer will always match on autosomal DNA, but relationships further back than that may not. Y-DNA very reliably reaches far beyond the capabilities of autosomal DNA due to the fact that it is never mixed with the DNA of the other parent – so it never divides or is watered down in time. When comparing two autosomally-generated haplogroups of men who are supposed to be closely related, always check their autosomal match results too.

Use the free Discover Tool to find various categories of information about any haplogroup, including its age. Take a look at R-M269 here.

Using Discover to Compare Haplogroups

You can always use the Discover tool to compare two haplogroups.

Go to Discover (or click through if you’re signed on to your FamilyTreeDNA Y-DNA page), then enter the first haplogroup you’d like to compare.

Click search to view information about that haplogroup.

On the menu bar, at left, click on Compare.

Add the second haplogroup.

I’m selecting E-M35, a completely different branch of the phylogenetic tree.

R-M269 was formed about 6350 years ago, while E-M35 was formed about 25,000 years ago. Their common ancestor was formed about 65,000 years ago. Clearly, these two paternal lineages are not related in anything close to a genealogical timeframe.

These two men would never match on an STR test, but could easily match on an autosomal test on any line OTHER than their direct paternal line.

Now let’s compare two haplogroups that are more closely related.

Haplogroup R-M222 is very common in Ireland, so let’s see how closely related it is to R-M269 which is very common in western Europe.

We see that R-M222 descends from R-M269, so there is no “other haplogroup” involved.

R-M222 was formed about 2100 years ago, around 4250 years after R-M269 was formed.

There are 17 steps between R-M222 and R-M269.

The bottom block shows the lineage from R-M269 back to Y-Adam.

How cool is this??!!

Big Y-700 to Autosomal or STR Haplogroup Comparison

Joe took the Big Y-700 test and discovered that he’s haplogroup R-BY177080.

Joe noticed that his son, who had initially taken an STR test, had been assigned haplogroup R-M269. Then, his son took a Family Finder test and his haplogroup changed to R-FGC8601.

Joe was confused about why he and his son’s haplogroups didn’t match.

First, let’s check Family Finder to confirm the parent/child relationship. Joe’s son is clearly his son.

So why doesn’t Joe’s son’s haplogroup match Joe’s haplogroup? And why did Joe’s son’s haplogroup change?

Joe’s son had not taken a Big Y-700 DNA test, so Joe’s son’s R-M269 haplogroup was initially predicted from his STR test.

Joe’s son’s updated haplogroup, R-FGC8601 was generated by the Family Finder test. Think of this as a bonus. If you’re a male and haven’t yet, you’ll soon receive an email telling you that you’ve received a Family Finder Y-DNA haplogroup. It’s your lucky day!

Family Finder haplogroups always replace STR predicted haplogroups since they are always more specific than predicted STR haplogroups. Big Y-700 haplogroups always replace STR-generated haplogroup predictions and Family Finder haplogroups because they are the most specific.

Let’s compare these results using Discover.

Joe’s son’s original predicted haplogroup was R-M269.

Discover Compare shows us that Joe’s Big Y-700 Haplogroup, R-BY177080, is a descendant of R-M269.

So, they actually do “match,” just several branches further up the tree

Joe’s son’s more precise Family Finder haplogroup was assigned as R-FGC8601.

Discover Compare shows us that Joe’s Big Y-700 haplogroup also descends from R-FGC8601.

You can see that the haplogroup generated by Family Finder is more precise by about 4700 years and improves that comparison.

R-M269 was formed about 6350 years ago, but R-FGC8601 was formed about 1700 years ago.

Joe’s Big Y-700 haplogroup, R-BY177080 was formed about the year 1900, improving the family haplogroup by another 1600 years or so.

Joe’s son’s Family Finder haplogroup moved down the haplotree 21 branches and 4650 years, for free! If Joe’s son were to upgrade to the Big Y-700, they might very well be assigned a new haplogroup that, for the time being, only they share.

Of course, Family Finder doesn’t provide Y-DNA matching so you still need the Y-DNA tests for that important aspect of genealogy.

Big Y to Big Y Comparison

In our next example, a group of men, including a father and son or other very close relative may take the Big Y-700 test and have different haplogroups. If you’re saying, “Whoa Nelly,” hear me out.

George took a Big Y-700 test and discovered that he is haplogroup R-FGC43597. His son and grandsons tested, and they are haplogroup R-FTC50269. What happened? Shouldn’t they all match George?

On George’s Big Y-700 block tree, you can see that a mutation, R-FTC50269, occurred between George and his son. George doesn’t have it, but his son does.

A haplogroup isn’t “named” until there are two men with the same mutation in the same lineage. Therefore, when George’s son initially tested, he would have been assigned to the same haplogroup as George, R-FGC43697, but with one extra variant, or mutation.

Of course, that extra mutation was passed from George’s son to both of his grandsons, so when the first grandson tested, the new haplogroup, R-FTC50269 was assigned as a result of that mutation. Now, George has one haplogroup and his son and grandsons have a different haplogroup, one branch downstream.

Using Discover to check the haplogroup ages and path, we find that indeed, these haplogroups are only one step apart.

Checking Family Finder results can always verify that the match is close or as close as you expected.

Haplogroup Assignments

Haplogroup assignments range from good to better to best.

Good Better Best
STR predicted Yes – but further back in time
SNP Packs (now obsolete) Between good and better
Family Finder autosomal Yes – generally midrange between STR predicted and the Big Y-700
Big Y-500 (need to upgrade) Usually between better and best
Big Y-700 The best – usually within a genealogically relevant timeframe unless your DNA is rare

Where Are You?

Older haplogroups, such as the STR-predicted haplogroups are useful for:

  • Eliminating some potential matches
  • Identifying where that haplogroup originated at that specific point in time. In other words, where your ancestor lived when that haplogroup was born.

If your Y-DNA matches another Y-DNA tester at FamilyTreeDNA, your haplogroups will fall someplace on the same haplogroup branch, although they may be thousands of years apart. STR-predicted haplogroups are “older,” meaning they range in age from about 6500 years to tens of thousands of years ago. They can tell you where the haplogroup originated at that time.

Autosomal haplogroups will be newer, or more recent, than STR-predicted haplogroups, but still (sometimes significantly) older than the Big Y-700 haplogroups..

FamilyTreeDNA provides Y-DNA haplogroups for free for every biological male who either takes the FamilyTreeDNA Family Finder test or uploads an autosomal result from either Ancestry or MyHeritage. Soon, 23andMe uploads will be resumed as well. This means that you will be able to view other men with a similar surname in your Family Finder results and:

  • Rule them out as a paternal line match.
  • Check your STR matches if they have taken a Y-DNA test
  • Check your Big Y-700 test for matches if both men have taken a Big Y test.
  • Encourage your matches to take a Big Y-700 test so you can see how closely you match on your paternal line.
  • Use the Discover Compare and other tools to reveal more information.

Family Finder haplogroups are relatively new, so currently, all new Family Finder testers are receiving haplogroups. Older Family Finder tests are being processed and will be followed by autosomal tests uploaded from other vendors. Haplogroups from autosomal tests are confirmed and will be newer, or more recent, than STR-predicted haplogroups.

The only test that can bring your haplogroup to current, meaning the most refined, recent, personal haplogroup, is the Big Y-700 test. Without taking the Big Y-700 test, you’ll forever be stuck with an older, less informative haplogroup branch. The Big Y-700 allows us to reliably sort families into lineages based on branching mutations.

The Big Y-700 haplogroup is:

  • The most detailed and granular possible.
  • Determined by sequencing the Y chromosome.
  • A test of discovery that continues to provide additional value as more men test and new haplogroups are formed.

Big Y-700 haplogroups generally fall into a genealogically useful timeframe and can be very recent.

The Discover tool and Time Tree provide a wealth of information about your ancestors, including locations, migration paths, ancient DNA, and more.

You Don’t Know What You Don’t Know

Now that you understand how to compare and interpret haplogroup matches, what additional information can you learn?

I always encourage Y-DNA matches to upgrade to the Big Y-700. Why? You don’t know what you don’t know. The article, Bennett Greenspan: Meet My Extended Family & Discover Extraordinary Deep Heritage illustrates the benefits of the Big Y-700 for all matches. Upgrading 12-marker matches is exactly how he made his big breakthrough.

The Big Y-700 test answers many questions beyond simply matching by using Discover and the Group Time Tree.

  • Where were your ancestors?
  • Who do you match, and who were their ancestors?
  • Genetically and genealogically, how do your surname matches fit together?
  • Where were your matches’ ancestors, and when?
  • Which ancient DNA results do you match, and where were they located?
  • What is the history of locations where your ancestors were found along their journey?
  • How closely or distantly are you related to other Big Y-700 matches?
  • Can your matches’ information break down your paternal line brick wall, or at least move it back a few generations?

Where are your Y-DNA results along the spectrum of useful haplogroup information? Do you or your matches need to upgrade? Click here to upgrade or order a Big Y-700 test.

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RootsTech 2024: DNA Academy and Ancestry Announcements

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March the 1st. Remember that old saying about March? If it enters like a lamb, it will leave like a lion, and vice versa.

Look what greeted us on the morning of the second day of RootsTech.

Whoo boy.

The good news, if there was any, was that this was Friday’s forecast for Saturday, and of course, it might, just might, be wrong. Fingers crossed!

The second day of RootsTech was jam-packed, as you can see in the MyHeritage booth below. I wondered if one reason for the extra-large Friday crowd was the weather forecast for Saturday.

I had just finished my booth talk for MyHeritage titled “Leveraging Triangulation – From 3 to Many” and stepped aside to take a picture.

This half-hour presentation defined triangulation as a three-legged stool and discussed when and how to use triangulation at MyHeritage.

I covered:

  • How to use close relatives, including parents, to determine which side your matches are on.
  • Why you can’t use immediate family members for triangulation.
  • How to use triangulation with Shared Matches and the Chromosome Browser
  • How to use and verify Theories of Family Relativity with triangulation
  • AutoClusters as a triangulation roadmap
  • Using AutoClusters and triangulation to determine which DNA descends from whom
  • Bonus hints

Maybe I should turn this presentation into a blog article. What do you think?

DNA Academy aka An Afternoon in the Life of a Presenter

I only had about 45 minutes between the end of the MyHeritage session and the beginning of my class, “DNA Academy: Pulling it All Together – Tests, Vendors, Tools & You.”

I’m very grateful that RootsTech provided the opportunity for this experimental full-afternoon session, which provided the underpinnings for other DNA classes and sessions.

I had practiced and practiced to ensure the slide and topic pacing was fast enough to get through all the slides but not so fast that I would lose people.

Losing someone in a class of this duration means that they miss everything thereafter – and that could be a lot more than your normal 45 to 50-minute class.

Therefore, I needed to be prepared to take questions during the class. That’s always a bit risky because some questions are more like a short story, and you don’t want to run out of time at the end for your slides.

So, yes, I was a bit nervous. I was also concerned about technology gremlins named Murphy that seem to be ever-present. I absolutely did NOT need gremlins attending too.

There was no time between sessions for any kind of a proper lunch. No time to stand in line for food. However, I had to eat since I would have no break until after the class ended at 4, and then only after all of the attendees had left. On Sunday, I had purchased Lunchables at the local grocery store, so I bought a container of fruit and a bag of Doritos at one of those quick grab-it places on the way to my classroom and had a picnic in the back of the room as attendees began filtering in.

I headed for the front of the room with my laptop bag just as the tech person arrived to assist with setup. RootsTech encourages speakers to use RootsTech-provided equipment since they know it’s set up correctly to work with the AV equipment. That makes sense, but I always bring mine, just in case.

RootsTech also generously provided a stool so I wouldn’t have to stand for the entire afternoon.

Our first challenge was that the audio wasn’t working correctly, and never really did. We worked on it until the session started, and I even sent for the tech after the session began.

Eventually, after much fiddling around, I gave up and took the lavalier off. I held it near my mouth for the entire afternoon after finding that “sweet spot” with the assistance of everyone in attendance. We needed to find the mic position where people in the back of the room could hear me, it wasn’t so close it sounded like I was spitting, and we weren’t getting feedback. That seemed to be about a quarter-inch window. It was not ideal, but it worked, and I was very grateful for the audience’s help and patience. Teamwork!

The second challenge was that the RootsTech laptop defaulted to “Presenter View,” which means that your Powerpoint slide is in the upper left quadrant of the laptop screen, the next slide is shown at right, and “speaker notes,” if you’ve created any, appear at the bottom.

I don’t use speaker notes because I don’t want to sound like I’m reading aloud. Therefore, I never use Presenter View. I use the slides to remind me of what to say, and I know what’s coming next.

I initially thought, “Fine, so long as the slide advance works.” It wasn’t until after I began, and after the AV tech was long gone that I realized how small the RootsTech laptop screen was, meaning how SMALL my current slide was. To my horror, I realized that I couldn’t clearly see some portions of my slides.

OH NO!!!

I couldn’t exactly take my glasses off, lean over the podium, and squint. No, that would never do. I also couldn’t move the laptop closer without disrupting the setup and cables.

I also couldn’t see the movie screen to my left that attendees were viewing because I was positioned directly beside the screen and only slightly forward. I could see that the image was showing on the screen, but I couldn’t read anything on the image from that angle.

Crumb!

Therefore, I really had no good or detailed view of my own presentation – for 2.5 hours.

All I can say is that it’s a VERY good thing that I obsessively practice ahead of time, because that’s the ONLY thing that got me through.

I asked for the tech again to assist with the audio issues after trying multiple ways to adjust things myself, and he sent a message back to just move the lavalier up on my clothing. It was already as high as it could be placed, so not helpful.

Why am I telling you this? Often, people often don’t realize how much is beyond the speakers’ control and how much we just roll with the punches as best we can. Attendees are acutely aware of their experience, especially when it’s sub-optimum, and often blame the speaker.

One attendee asked if I could raise the image projection on the screen towards the top. I couldn’t control the image location at all. I knew that if one person couldn’t see because the image was too low on the screen, other people probably couldn’t either, and I felt awful.

Speakers are used to overcoming challenges, but no one wants to attempt to simultaneously overcome and compensate for several issues in the same presentation.

I wound up apologizing more than once to the class. These people had been kind enough to choose this long class and I wanted their experience to be the best possible.

I was very grateful for the people who said something positive afterward and for this person who left feedback on my blog.

A number of people were unhappy because the session wasn’t either live-streamed or recorded. Speakers have no way of knowing or influencing which sessions RootsTech selects for broader consumption. I’m sure they want to livestream a mixture of topics that would interest a variety of people.

I’ve reached out to Legacy Family Tree Webinars to see if they are interested in this class, although I would need to divide it into thirds. I want to leverage this effort and make it available to others who can benefit.

Legacy Family Tree Webinars are free to everyone for the first week, then available in the subscription library.

Does this sound like a good idea?

Ancestry Announcements

After DNA Academy ended, I headed back to the show floor. The second day of RootsTech is always the “late night” with activities until about 7:30. They close earlier, around 5, on the first day, and at 3 on the final day.

I was interested in Ancestry’s announcements and if I had missed anything from the earlier recorded session.

Of course, Ancestry was selling DNA tests. At RootsTech, Ancestry announced that it now has 25 million testers in its database.

Sitting inside the booth, I saw Crista Cowan, the Barefoot Genealogist who is also Ancestry’s corporate genealogist. I noticed the cast on her wrist and felt terrible for her, trying to navigate RootsTech and minor other activities, like, say, eating and presenting and the basic activities of daily living. Been there, done that, and it’s no fun. Crista said that she had discovered that one cannot create PowerPoint slides in a cast, especially when it’s your dominant hand. And I thought I had challenges.

Like I was saying about speakers compensating and making it happen, one way or another…

I’m not going to steal Crista’s thunder about how she became “The Barefoot Genealogist,” but if you don’t know, you can watch her RootsTech presentation here.

So, what else is in Crista’s presentation? What has Ancestry announced?

  • Family Groups. Ancestry announced the ability to create a group of people in a family who are working on a common goal, facilitating collaboration.
  • The Family Groups feature will be available to all accounts, LDS, paid, free, library, whatever.
  • You will be able to assign tasks to people in the group. For example, Mom could be assigned to scan the family photos, upload them, note who they are and other relevant information
  • A “Memories” feature will support either recording or uploading audio which can tell the story of a picture.
  • A new Family Plan, currently only available in the US, allows you to pay for one subscription and add four people. I have seen pricing, but Ancestry has many different plans, and I’m unclear what is and is not included in the Family Plan. So if you’re interested, I’d suggest reaching out to Ancestry.
  • Ancestry continues to add historical records at a rapid pace.

  • Ancestry was indexing 2-3 million records per day. With the launch of the 1950 census, which utilized handwriting recognition and AI, they are now indexing millions more each month, according to Crista’s slide.
  • Ancestry is re-imaging Newspapers.com pages using the same technology, which provides much more than OCR, which is plagued by issues such as image quality and lack of intelligence.
  • One example of new features is that previously, some people were mentioned only by association, such as Mrs. John Doe. Now, Mrs. John Doe can potentially be recognized as Susan Doe or even Susan Jones Doe, based on other articles and information.
  • Ancestry has created a new Stories and Events Index, which indexes the records by category, such as marriages or law and order.
  • However, and this is important, these new re-imaged records are NOT found when you do a global search through Ancestry because, in layman’s terms, there are so many that they crash the system.
  • Ancestry added 16 billion records from newspaper collections last year. You can find a hint or go directly to the newspaper database. Check the specific collection because you may not find the information searching generally.

You can find the Historical Newspapers Collection under the Search tab.

Crista was also being plagued by technical gremlins to this point. It’s obvious that she was well-practiced too, as she barely missed a beat.

Crista encourages people to use the Card Catalog to view the new newspaper record collections.

Here’s what’s showing in my Card Catalog Records Collection view.

  • Moving to DNA announcements, Crista stated that with 25 million people in the database, Ancestry has 88 ethnicity regions and now more than 2500 DNA Communities.

  • The 88 ethnicity regions represent ancestors 500-1000 years ago, while the 2500 communities are formed by a genetic network of people related within approximately 200 years.
  • Ancestry now has 120 million family trees that are mined for location information.
  • Ancestry introduced 203 Communities in Ireland this past year. Crista mentioned that this means that those communities are as granular as counties and that now she knows where to search for her Irish ancestor. I hope she has only one Irish ancestor, and he’s close enough in time. I’m also hoping that the granularity of Communities provides very specific hints.
  • Ancestry added 413 African American Communities in the southern US and Caribbean – some to within a 10-mile radius.
  • Ancestry added 352 Mexico Communities.
  • More Communities are planned to be released every 3-4 months or so during this next year. In other words, you’ll need to check from time to time, as there won’t be a specific large update for everyone.
  • Traits and Communities, by parent, will be added within SideView

If you recall, SideView features now require either a full subscription, or a Plus subscription for DNA features. You can read about that here and here.

Pro Tools

Crista shifted gears here to discuss Pro Tools, which she described as tools that aren’t necessarily for pros, but are new ways to view family history.

Pro Tools is NOT the same as the DNA SideView features that are behind the regular Ancestry subscription or the Plus paywall.

Pro Tools was recently introduced. Crista didn’t mention this in the video, but Pro Tools costs an ADDITIONAL $10 per month, regardless of whether or not you have a full, World, or Plus subscription. In other words, you’ll pay another $120 per year to access Pro Tools

There are two schools of thought about this.

  1. Some people are furious that Ancestry added an entirely new subscription instead of adding these functions to the full or Plus subscription level.
  2. Some people are glad that Ancestry didn’t raise the cost of the full subscription by $120 per year, allowing people NOT to subscribe to these new Pro-Tools features if they don’t want them.

New features will be added under Pro Tools soon.

New shared matches view:

  • The predicted relationship and how many cMs your shared matches share with any other shared match will be available in the first half of 2024.
  • If shared matches triangulate.

Future Enhancements

  • Ability to group shared matches into custom groups with one click using “select all”
  • Ability to sort by your matches’ closest matches
  • Highlight matches that have triangulated shared segments

Nope – No Chromosome Browser

People have been speculating for some time that Ancestry might have been going to add a Chromosome Browser. Nope, they didn’t.

Crista didn’t mention this, but discussion elsewhere revealed that the triangulated segment information will NOT include:

  • The number of triangulated segments
  • The size of triangulated segments
  • Segment location information
  • A chromosome browser

At this point, I have no plan to subscribe to Pro Tools. I feel like Ancestry is essentially teasing us. “Yes, you have a triangulated segment with two other people, but, sorry, we’re not going to tell you where it is.” It’s like they get us right up to the edge of something useful, within sight and sniffing distance, then, boom, dropped like a hot potato. To add insult to injury, we have to pay separately for the teaser, even with a full subscription. The best we could do, I think, is hope that one or some of the triangulated people have a tree so we can determine who the common ancestor or ancestral line might be. If we’re really lucky, there might be a ThruLine formed.

I’ll leave it at that, but I am not one bit happy about the features that are still excluded, and that the included features require yet another subscription.

I realize that after years of saying that segment information violates Ancestry’s perception of privacy, it would be difficult for Ancestry to reverse its position at this point.

Standing in the booth later, someone commented that they were surprised that Ancestry is going to provide estimated relationships between shared matches and shared cM amounts to each other. Crista said that Ancestry had needed to “work out some privacy stuff” first.

Perhaps this is the furthest Ancestry feels that they can move without entirely reversing their long-standing chromosome browser privacy position.

For those who want to work with segment information and a chromosome browser, you can upload your Ancestry DNA file to FamilyTreeDNA, MyHeritage, and GEDmatch. You’ll find step-by-step instructions here.

After visiting the Ancestry booth, I moved on to other vendors on the show floor.

Goldie May

I hadn’t heard of Goldie May until Drew Smith introduced me recently. Thanks Drew!

You can take a look at their genealogy organizational tools, but their best feature for genealogists who give presentations is the ability to blur names in screenshots.

This feature, available under Goldie May Pro for $24 per month, senses names and blurs them along with associated profile photos for you. The lack of blurring is one reason I never do anything live or make “how-to” videos.

Right now, this feature only works for Ancestry pages, but hopefully, it will soon work for pages of other DNA vendors and DNAPainter.

DNAPainter

Speaking of DNAPainter, they are one of my favorite third-party vendors. And just in case you’re wondering, I’m not related to Jonny, and I pay full price for my subscription, just like all of you.

I mention this only because DNAPainter appears in just about every presentation I create about autosomal DNA and matches, regardless of the vendor – except Ancestry, of course.

I saw Jonny sitting at a table, showing someone how to paint their matching segments.

One person who attended the conference agreed to a 10-minute DNAPainter lesson after dinner with a friend – only 10 minutes, though, because he was tired! Although his friend was long asleep, he was still painting at 4 AM  and had surpassed the 50% mark of his painted chromosomes assigned to known ancestors. I think we have a new convert!

You can find DNAPainter instructions here.

On the corner of the table was a shared cM relationship map, one of the free tools that Jonny offers in collaboration with others in the community.

I couldn’t resist taking this picture of Jonny in his very cool striped tennis shoes that look amazingly like painted chromosomes.

I remember the first time I saw Jonny in 2018, looking very nervous at RootsTech, standing by himself in a small booth the first year he introduced DNApainter. I had never heard of DNAPainter.

In 2018, Jonny was a candidate in the new tech innovation contest, which he won. This motivated me to try DNAPainter myself, leading to another award at the beginning of 2019.

How things have changed in six years. Now, EVERYONE knows Jonny Perl. He was included in the 25-year genetic genealogy celebration as someone who has shaped the industry, and he’s no longer standing nervously alone in his booth. Also, he has way cool shoes now!!

In fact, it’s hard to find Jonny alone at any time to take a picture.

I just love success stories!

More Friends on the Show Floor

I knew Judy Russell, The Legal Genealogist, was at RootsTech and presenting, but I hadn’t actually seen her yet. By now, I’m sure almost everyone has had the opportunity to hear Judy speak, but I’ve often said that if Judy were talking about dirt, I’d attend because it would be funny, witty, and educational.

I found Judy, in her second-generation signature pink jacket, hanging out with Janine Cloud in the FamilyTreeDNA booth.

Friday was the late evening at RootsTech. People were getting tired and hungry, and most attendees had already left by 7:30 when the Expo Hall officially closed.

In the center of the hall, near the front, FamilySearch had a “garden” or “park” area with park benches and fun games like chess.

As I was walking out, I noticed Bennett Greenspan, at left, playing park chess with Katherine Borges, Director of ISOGG, the International Society of Genetic Genealogy, at right.

I had a good chuckle as I realized that assembling the DNA of our ancestors and applying it meaningfully to our genealogy is like playing chess.

Warning

We had been hoping all day that the weather forecast would change for the better.

Maybe it wouldn’t snow at all.

Maybe it wouldn’t snow much.

Uh-oh!!

It was cold, and the wind was blowing hard as we exited the Salt Palace, whipping our hair into our faces and eyes.

Everything felt ominous. Even the locals were worried.

Attendees were heading home early, and even those who had to stay and work on Saturday were trying to change their flights to Saturday afternoon in the hope that they could escape before the brunt of the storm hit.

Airlines were contacting passengers with weather advisories, saying they could change their flights without charge. They were hoping to get people out ahead of the storm.

The various weather services showed different scenarios. One reported that it would be 33 degrees and rain until just after lunch, when it would turn to snow.

Another predicted that it would be 31 and blizzard conditions with 4-6 inches of snow and whiteout conditions by noon.

What? “Hurricane-force gusts”? You’re kidding, right? But they weren’t. This was no joke.

No one knew what to expect, and local people were bidding us adieu, saying they weren’t planning to be back on Saturday.

What would we wake up to on Saturday morning? What about flights? And hotel rooms? What would we be facing?

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Ancestry’s ThruLines and Shared Matches Now Require a Subscription

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Ancestry informed us a few weeks ago that they were changing their platform and that some existing tools would soon be behind a subscription paywall.

I wrote about some changes in the article, Ancestry Updates Ethnicity, Introduces New Features and Pushes Some Behind Paywall.

A few weeks later, another banner appeared saying that everything “beneath the banner” would soon require a subscription of some type, meaning either DNAPlus or a full Ancestry Subscription.

Because Shared Matches was displayed above the banner, I didn’t think that Shared Matches would be behind the paywall, but I was wrong. Trees also require a subscription for DNA testers, but Ethnicity does not.

Truthfully, I’m not surprised by the more advanced features being placed behind a subscription paywall in addition to the price of the test, although I don’t like it. However, I’m shocked that Shared Matches would be restricted. I always viewed Shared Matches as a way to engage new testers just sticking their toe in the water beyond ethnicity results.

Effective now, if you purchase or purchased (in the past) a DNA test and you don’t have a subscription with Ancestry, or your subscription expires, you will be able to view 3 shared matches and no trees. If you want to see more, you have to either purchase their DNAPlus subscription or a regular Ancestry subscription.

So, technically, not all shared matches are behind the paywall, just all except 3.

Let’s sort this out.

First, let’s talk about what this isn’t.

DNAPlus is NOT ProTools

Do not confuse DNA features requiring a minimal DNAPlus subscription with yet another recently-introduced Ancestry feature called ProTools.

ProTools costs $10 per month, is not DNA-related, and includes a Tree Checker, Charts and Reports, Advanced Filters, and Map Views. ProTools is an add-on and requires a full subscription before you can additionally subscribe to ProTools.

This article is not about ProTools.

DNA Features – What’s In and What’s Out?

I fully realize that Ancestry customers expected to continue receiving the features included with an AncestryDNA test when it was purchased, with or without an Ancestry subscription, but that’s not the case anymore.

Ancestry provides this explanatory information in their FAQ.

Don’t shoot the messenger – meaning me. I’m just here to help you sort this out, so let’s review what’s in and what’s out.

Remaining included DNA features for everyone, with or without a subscription, are:

  • Ethnicity estimates
  • DNA communities
  • DNA matches
  • Ability to message matches
  • Ability to compare origins or communities with your matches

Restricted features without a subscription include:

  • Shared matches, which are now limited to 3
  • You can see IF a match has a family tree, its size, and if it’s public or private, but you can’t view the tree’s contents without a subscription

Features requiring a subscription include:

  • Viewing more than 3 shared matches
  • Viewing the contents of your matches’ trees
  • Matching surnames through 7 generations
  • Matching ancestor birthplaces in public trees
  • Common ancestors in trees through 7 generations, which is the link to ThruLines
  • ThruLines, also through 7 generations

All of the SideView™ related features are also subscription-only. You must designate a parental “side” for these features to work. I wrote about how to do that in the article Ancestry’s SideView™ – Dividing Your Ethnicity in Two. Those features are:

  • Ethnicity by parent
  • Matches by parent
  • Communities by parent
  • Traits by parent
  • Chromosome painter (not to be confused with a chromosome browser, which Ancestry does not have)

What is included or excluded in Traits differs depending on when you purchased the Traits test or the upgrade, so I’m not addressing those tests here.

Ancestry DNA Memberships

Ancestry has compiled a chart showing what’s included and what features require a subscription, which they call a membership. DNAPlus includes DNA features. The family history membership includes DNAPlus features and genealogy records.

That page also includes a brief FAQ sheet.

Exception – Shared DNA Results

The exception to the required subscription scenario is if a tester has shared their DNA results with someone who has a membership. The person WITH THE MEMBERSHIP can see the full results, even though the tester cannot if they don’t have a membership.

I have a full membership, and one of my relatives, who is deceased, shared their DNA results with me before he joined our ancestors.

I always check his results because I know he hasn’t changed anything and no longer has a paid membership.

This means that if you’ve asked your cousins to test for your benefit – they do NOT need to subscribe unless they want to work directly with their own results aside from looking at the basics listed in the included features. To work with their results more broadly, YOU need to subscribe and have them share their DNA results with you.

They (or you, with appropriate permission settings) need to link their DNA test to “them,” meaning their profile, in their (or your) tree. This option, along with DNA test sharing, is found under Settings.

Please note that if the DNA results are shared and the person has a tree, they also need to share their tree with you as a separate step found under Tree Settings.

Sharing DNA Results

Here are the instructions you need to provide to your cousins to share their DNA results with you.

To share DNA results with someone, click on “Your DNA Results Summary” at the top of your page, and then click on Settings in the upper right-hand corner.

Scroll down to DNA test sharing.

Click on the right arrow.

Then click on “Invite.”

Enter their email or Ancestry username and select the role of the person you’re inviting.

Then just click on the blue Invite button. That person will receive an invitation and can accept or not. For family members who want you to fully manage their test, instruct them to select Manager. Manager and Collaborator both allow you to connect their test to “them” in a tree, including your tree.

Here’s a breakdown of what different role selections of DNA test sharing can do with or to a tester’s DNA test.

Summary

I know this change in Ancestry’s policy is disappointing for many. I certainly can’t explain or defend Ancestry’s decision. I hope other companies don’t follow suit.

The good news is twofold. If you already have a full subscription, and many genealogists do, this does not affect you directly.

If you’ve encouraged or paid for others to test, you can still view their results through your subscription, so nothing is lost to you so long as they share their DNA results and tree with you.

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