Category Archives: Native American

Ancestor of Native Americans in Asia was 30% “Western Eurasian”

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The complete genome has recently been sequenced from 4 year old Russian boy who died 24,000 years ago near Lake Baikal in a location called Mal’ta, the area in Asia believed to be the origin of the Native Americans based on Y DNA and mitochondrial chromosome similarities.  The map below, from Science News, shows the location.

malta boy map

This represents the oldest complete genome ever sequenced, except for the Neanderthal (38,000 years old) and Denisovan (41,000 years old).

This child’s genome shows that he is related closely to Native Americans, and, surprisingly, to western Asians/eastern Europeans, but not to eastern Asians, to whom Native Americans are closely related.  This implies that this child was a member of part of a “tribe” that had not yet merged or intermarried with the Eastern Asians (Japan, China, etc.) that then became the original Native Americans who migrated across the Beringian land bridge between about 15,000 and 20,000 years ago.

One of the most surprising results is that about 30% of this child’s genome is Eurasian, meaning from Europe and western Asia, including his Y haplogroup which was R and his mitochondrial haplogroup which was U, both today considered European.

This does not imply that R and U are Native American haplogroups or that they are found among Native American tribes before European admixture in the past several hundred years.  There is still absolutely no evidence in the Americas, in burials, for any haplogroups other than subgroups of Q and C for males and A, B, C, D, X and M (1 instance) for females.  However, that doesn’t mean that additional evidence won’t be found in the future.

While this is certainly new information, it’s not unprecedented.  Last year, in the journal Genetics, an article titled “Ancient Admixture in Human History” reported something similar, albeit gene flow in a different direction.  This paper indicated gene flow from the Lake Baikal area to Europe.  It certainly could have been bidirectional, and this new paper certainly suggests that it was.

So in essence, maybe there is a little bit of Native American in Europeans and a little bit of European in Native Americans that occurred in their deep ancestry, not in the past 500-1000 years.

What’s next?  Work continues.  The team is now attempting to sequence genomes from other skeletons from west of Mal’ta, East Asia and from the Americas as well.

You can read the article in Science Magazine.  An academic article presenting their findings in detail will be published shortly in Nature.

A Podcast with Michael Balter can be heard here discussing the recent discovery.

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Correlating Historical Facts to DNA Test Results

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Sometimes DNA tests hold surprising results, results that the individual didn’t expect.  That’s what happened to Jack Goins, Hawkins County, Tn. Archivist and founder of the Melungeon Core DNA project.  Jack, a Melungeon descendant through several ancestors, expected that his Y paternal haplogroup would be either European or Native American, based on oral family history, but it wasn’t, it was E1b1a, African.

Jack’s family and ancestors were key members of the Melungeon families found in Hawkins and Hancock Counties in Tennessee beginning in the early 1800s.  In order to discover more about this group of people, which included but was not limited to his own ancestors, Jack founded the Melungeon DNA projects.

Over time, descendants of most of the family lines had representatives test within both a Y-line and mitochondrial DNA project.  The results were a paper, Melungeons, A Multi-Ethnic Population, published in JOGG, the Journal of Genetic Genealogy, in April 2012.

Many people expected to discover that the Melungeons were primarily Native American, but this was not the outcome of the DNA project.  In fact, many of the direct paternal male lines were African and all of the direct maternal female lines tested were European.  While there are paper records, in one case, that state that one of the ancestors of the Melungeons was Native American (Riddle), and there is DNA testing of another line that married into the Melungeon families that proves that indirect line is Native American (Sizemore), there is no direct line testing that indicates Native ancestry.

Aside from the uproar the results caused among researchers who were hopeful of a different outcome, it also begs the question of whether the documents we do have of those families support the DNA results.  What did the contemporary people who knew them during their lifetime think about their race?  Census takers, tax men and county clerks?  Are there patterns that emerge?  Sometimes, when we receive new information, be it genetic or otherwise, we need to revisit our documentation and look with a new set of eyes.

It’s common practice in genetic genealogy circles when “undocumented adoptions” are discovered, for example, to revisit the census and look for things like a child’s birthdate being before the parents’ marriage.  Something that went unnoticed during initial data gathering or was assumed to be in error suddenly becomes extremely important, perhaps the key to unraveling what happened to those long-ago ancestors.  Like in all projects, some descendant lines we expected to match, didn’t.

Recently Jack Goins undertook such an analysis of the documentary records collected over the years in the various counties where the Melungeon families or their direct ancestors lived.  We know that today, and in the 1900s, most of these families appear physically primarily European, an observation supported by autosomal DNA testing.  So we’re looking for records that indicate minority admixture.

Do the records indicate that these people were black, Native, European, mixed or something else, like Portuguese?  Was the African admixture recent, so recent that their descendants were viewed as mixed-race, or were the African haplogroups introduced long ago, hundreds or thousands of years ago perhaps, maybe in Mediterranean Europe?  If that was the case, then the Melungeon ancestors in America would have been considered “European,” meaning they looked white.  What do the records say about these families?  Were they uniformly considered white, black, mixed or Native in all of the locations where family members moved as they dispersed out of colonial Virginia?

If these men were Native Americans, would they have likely fought against the Indians in the French and Indian War in 1754?  Melungeon ancestors did just that and they are specifically noted as fighting “against the Shawnee.”  Their families were found in census records as “free people of color” and “mulatto” countless times which indicates they were not slaves and were not white.  On one later census record, below, in 1880, Portugee was overstricken and W for white entered.

1880 census
1880 census 2

Melungeon families and their ancestors were listed on tax records and other records as mulattoes, never as mustee and only once as Indian.  Mulattoes are typically mixed black and white, although it can be Native and white, while mustee generally means mixed Indian with something else.  On one 1767 tax list, Moses Riddle, a maternal ancestor of a Melungeon family is listed as Indian, but this is the only instance found in the hundreds of records searched.  The Riddle family paternal haplogroup reflects European ancestry so apparently the Indian ancestor originated in a maternal line.

Court records identify Melungeon families as “colored” and “black” and “African” and “free negroes and mulattoes” as well as white.  In the 1840s, a group of Melungeon men, descendants of these individuals classified as mulattoes and free people of color were prosecuted for voting, a civil liberty forbidden to those “not white,” and probably as a political move to make examples of them.  Some of these men were found not guilty, one simply paid the fine, probably to avoid prosecution due to his advanced age, and the cases were dismissed against the rest.  Some were also prosecuted for bi-racial marriage when it was illegal for anyone of mixed heritage to marry a white person.  In earlier cases, in the 1700s in Virginia, these families were prosecuted for “concealing tithables” specifically for not listing their wives, “being mulattoes.”  In another case, the records indicate an individual being referred to as ‘yellow complected,’ a term often used for a light skinned mulatto.  And yet another case states that while the men were “mulattos,” their fathers were free and their wives were white.

There are many records, more than 1600 in total that we indexed and cataloged when writing the paper, and more have surfaced since.  In all of those records, only one contemporaneous record, the 1767 Riddle tax list, states the person was an Indian.  None, other than the 1880 census record, state that they were Portuguese.  There are many that indicate African or mixed heritage, of some description, and there are also many that don’t indicate any admixture.  Especially in later census, as the families outmarried to some extent, they were nearly uniformly listed as white.  Still, this group of people looked “different” enough from their neighbors to be labeled with the derisive name of Melungeon.

While this group, based on mitochondrial DNA testing, did initially marry European women, generations of intermarriage would have caused the entire group to be darker than the nonadmixed European population in the 1700s and 1800s.  By this time, neither they nor their neighbors were sure what they were, so they claimed Portuguese and Indian.  No one claimed to have black ancestors, in fact, most denied it vehemently.  By this time, so many generations had passed that they may not have known the whole truth, and there is indeed evidence of two Indian lines within the Melungeon community.

In light of these records, the DNA results should not have been as surprising as they were.  However, this body of research had never been analyzed as a whole before.

Since the original paper was published, four additional paternal lines documented as Melungeon but without DNA representation/confirmation in the original paper have tested, and all four of them, Nichols, Perkins, Shoemake/Shumach and Bolin/Bolton carry haplogroup E1b1a.  They are not matches to each other or other Melungeon paternal lines, so it’s not a matter of undocumented adoptions within a community.

The DNA project administrators certainly welcome additional participants who descend from the Melungeon families.  Y-line DNA requires a male who descends from a patriarch via all males, given that males pass their Y chromosome to only sons.

There may indeed be Native American lines yet undiscovered within the female or ancestral lines, and we are actively seeking people descended from the wives of these Melungeon families through all women. Mitochondrial DNA, which tests the maternal line, is passed to both genders of children, but only females pass it on.  So to represent your Melungeon maternal ancestor, you must descend from her through all females, but you yourself can be either male or female.

While the primary focus is still to document the various direct family lines utilizing Y-line and mitochondrial DNA, the advent of autosomal testing has opened the door for other Melungeon descendants to test as well.  In fact, the project administrators have organized a separate project for all descendants who have taken the autosomal Family Finder test at Family Tree DNA called the Melungeon Families project.

The list of eligible Melungeon surnames is Bell, Bolton, Bowling, Bolin, Bowlin, Breedlove, Bunch, Collins, Denham, Gibson, Gipson, Goins, Goodman, Minor, Moore, Menley, Morning, Mullins, Nichols, Perkins, Riddle, Sizemore, Shumake, Sullivan, Trent and Williams.  For specifics about the paternal lines, patriarchs and where these families are historically located, please refer to the paper.

Furthermore, anyone with documented proof of additional Melungeon families or surnames is encouraged to provide that as well.  Surnames are only added to the list with proof that the family was referenced as Melungeon from a documented historical record or is ancestral to a documented Melungeon family.  For example, the Sizemore family was never directly referred to as Melungeon in documented sources, but Aggy Sizemore (haplogroup H/European), daughter of George Sizemore (haplogroup Q/Native) married Zachariah Minor (haplogroup E1b1a/African).  The Minor family is one of the Melungeon family names.  So while Sizemore itself is not Melungeon, it is certainly an ancestral name to the Melungeon group.

For more information, read Jack Goins’ article, Written Records Agree with Melungeon DNA Results.

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Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups

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Today, what I’m sharing with you are my research notes.  If you follow my blogs, you’ll know that I have a fundamental, lifelong interest in Native American people and am mixed blood myself.  I feel that DNA is just one of the pieces of history that can be recovered and has a story to tell, along with early records, cultural artifacts and oral history.

In order to work with Native American DNA, and the various DNA projects that I co-administer, it’s necessary to keep a number of lists and spreadsheets.  This particular list was originally the first or earliest reference or references to a Native American mitochondrial (maternal line) haplogroup where it is identified as Native in academic papers.  I have since added other resources as I’ve come across them.

For those wondering why I’ve listed Mexican, this article speaks to the very high percentage of Native American mitochondrial DNA in the Mexican population.

Please note that while some of these haplogroups are found exclusively among Native American people, others are not and are also found in Europe and/or Asia.  In some cases, branches are exclusively Native.  In other cases, we are still sorting through the differences.  For haplogroups though to be only Native, I have put any other submission information, which is often from Siberia.

I have labeled the major founding haplogroups, as such.  This graphic from the paper, “Beringian Standstill and the Spread of Native American Founders” by Tamm et al, provided the first cumulative view of the mitochondrial Native founder population.

beringia map

Haplogroups A, B, C, D and X are known as Native American haplogroups, although not all subgroups in each main haplogroup are Native, so one has to be more specific.

Please note that I am adding information from haplogroup projects at Family Tree DNA.  This information is self-reported and should only be utilized with confidence after confirming the accuracy of the information.

Please note that in earlier papers and projects, not all results may have been tested to the full sequence level, so results in base haplogroups, like A and B, for example, may well fall into subclades with additional testing.

The protocol and logic for adding the Anzick results for consideration, along with other evidence is discussed in this article.  In short, for the 12,500 year old Anzick specimen to match any currently living people at relatively high thresholds, meaning 5cM or over, the living individual would likely have to be heavily Native.  Most matches are from Mexico, Central America and South America.  Many mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are subgroups of known Native groups, but never before documented as Native.  Therefore, the protocol I followed for inclusion was any subgroup of haplogroups A, B, C, D, M or X.  Some individuals are unhappy that some haplogroups were among the Anzick results and that I have not removed them at their request, in particular, M23.  To arbitrarily remove a haplogroup listing would be a breach of the protocol I followed.  Research does not always provide what is expected.  I have includes links to notes where appropriate.

Phylotree Versions

The Phylotree is the document that defines the mutations that equate to haplogroup names.

Please note that most papers don’t indicate which version of the Phylotree they used when sequencing the DNA. Haplogroup names sometimes change with new versions of the Phylotree.  Phylotree builds occurred as follows:

Family Tree DNA updated from build 14 to 17 in March 2017.

As of April 2017, 23andMe is still utilizing Build 12 from 2011.

Roberta’s Native Mitochondrial DNA Notes

Haplogroup A

A

Many samples classified as haplogroup A, with no subgroup, were not tested beyond the HVR1 or HVR1+HVR2 regions. Most, but not all, people will receive more granular haplogroups if the full mitochondrial sequence test is taken.

  • Tribes or peoples include Cherokee, Choctaw, Chippewa, Cree, Huron, Mi’kmaq, and PeeDee found in 2021 in the Haplogroup A project , Acadian AmerIndian Ancestry project and American Indian projects at Family Tree DNA.
  • Ancestral locations in 2021 include Alaska, Alberta, Argentina, Arizona, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, British Colombia, California, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Indiana, Kuna-Panama, Louisiana, Manitoba, Mexico, New Mexico, Nicaragua, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saskatchewan, South Carolina, Texas, Wisconsin, Venezuela.
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes 2014
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (32 As with no subgroup)
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

Ancient A

  • Ancient samples from Antaura (1) and Puca (5) 1100-1500 BC. Baca, 2014
  • Ancient sample named Kwäday Dän Ts’ìchi, Long-Ago Person Found  from the glacier at Tatshenshini-Alsek Park, Canada, dates from about 1420 CE, Monsalve 2002
  • Ancient samples (2) from Tompullo and Andaray, Peru dating from about 1450 CE, Baca, 2012

A-T152C!

A1

  • Mexican – 2007 Peñaloza-Espinosa
  • Rumsen, Esselen, Salinan from Monterey, California – Breschini and Haversat 2008
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • In Build 17, previous haplogroup A4a became A1
  • Please note that in 2021, haplogroups A1 and A1a appear not to be Native, but there remains some question. In the next version of the haplotree as a result of the Million Mito Project, we can hopefully resolve this question.

A1a

  • In Build 17, previous haplogroup A4a1 became A1a
  • Please note that in 2021, haplogroups A1 and A1a appear not to be Native, but there remains some question. In the next version of the haplotree as a result of the Million Mito Project, we can hopefully resolve this question.

A2

  • Native, Beringian Founder Haplogroup – 2008 Achilli
  • Hispanic American – 2008 Just
  • Mexican – 2007 Peñaloza-Espinosa
  • Mexican, Achilli, 2008
  • Eskimo – Volodko, 2008
  • Dogrib – Eskimo – Volodko, 2008
  • Apache – Volodko, 2008
  • Mexico and Central America – Eskimo – Volodko, 2008
  • Apache – Volodko, 2008
  • Ache and Guarani/Rio-das-Cobras and Katuana and Poturujara and Surui and Waiwai and Yanomama and Zoro – Fagundes 2008
  • Waiwai, Brazil, Zoro, Brazil, Surui, Brazil, Yanomama, Brazil, Kayapo, Brazil, Arsario, Colombia, Cayapa, Ecuador, Kogui, Colombia – Fagundes 2008
  • Arsario and Cayapa – Tamm 2007
  • Kogui – Tamm 2007
  • Colombia – Hartmann 2009
  • Waorani tribe, Ecuador – Cardoso 2012
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (192 A2s with no subgroup),
  • Inupiat people from Alaska North Slope – Raff 2015
  • Ancestral locations found in March 2021 in the Haplogroup A project, Acadian AmerIndian Ancestry project and American Indian projects at Family Tree DNA include: Argentina, Brazil, California, Canada, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, New Brunswick, Nicaragua, Ontario, Puerto Rico, Quebec, Washington State, Mississippi
  • Tribes in 2021 include Algonquin and Choctaw.

Ancient A2

  • Ancient remains from Lauricocha cave central Andean highlands – Fehren-Schmitz 2015
  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014
  • Chumash – Breschini and Haversat 2008
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Wari Culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Lima Culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Chancay culture, Pasamayo, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Lauricocha culture, Lauricocha, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Tiwanaku culture, Lauricocha, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Paisley 5 Mile Point Caves, 11,000-10,800 YBP – Gilbert et al, 2008
  • Manabi, San Ramon, Pichincha, Quito, Imbabura, Chimborazo, Riobamba, Tungurahua, Pillaro, Cotopaxi, Salcedo, Azuay and Cuenca in Ecuador, Native and Cayapa, also Peru, 6 ancient and several contemporary – Brandini, 2017
  • Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvadore, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Peru, Venezuela, in Canada – British Columbia, New Brunswick, Northwest Territory, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Vancouver Island, in the US – Alabama, Alaska, Caswell County, NC, Crawford County, PA, Michigan, Mississippi, tribes – Choctaw, Mi’kmaq – Haplogroup A2 Mitochondrial Project at Family Tree DNA, August 7, 2019
  • Ancient samples (3) from San Nicolas Island, CA dating from approximately 2100-2400 BCE, Scheib et al, 2018
  • Ancient samples (2) from Pampa Grande, Argentina, Candelaria culture dating from about 400 CE, Carnese et al 2010
  • Ancient samples (2) from the Lauricocha, Highlands of Peru  with 2 dating from about 6500-6700 BCE and one from 1600 BCE, Fehren-Schmitz 2015
  • Ancient samples (5) from Lapa do Santo, Brazil dating from about 7500-7900 BCE, Posth 2018
  • Ancient samples (2) from Arroyo Seco II, Argentina dating from about 5620 BCE, Llamas 2016
  • Ancient sample from Pampas, Laguna Chica, Argentina dating from about 5000 BCE, Posth 2018
  • Ancient samples (2) from Laranjal, Brazil dating from about 4600-5000 BCE, Posth 2018
  • Ancient sample from Caleta Huelen, Chile daring from about 600-800 CD, Nakatsuka 2020
  • Ancient samples (9) from Atajadizo, Dominican Republic dating from about 700 BCE (8 samples) and 1300 BCE (1), Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient sample from Monserrate, Puerto Rico dating from about 800 CE, Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient sample (3) from South Andros Island (Sanctuary Blue Hole,), Bahamas dating from about 1245 CE and 900 CE, Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient samples (6) from Juan Dolio, Dominican Republic dating from about 1200-1250 CE, Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient samples (3) from Andres, Dominican Republic dating from about 995 CE and 650 CE, Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient sample from La Union, Dominican Republic dating from about 700 CE, Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient sample from de Savaan, Curaco dating from about 1160 CE, Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient sample from Canimar Abajo, Cuba dating from about 950 BCE, Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient sample from Los Corniel (Rancho Manuel), Dominican Republic, dating from about 1150 CE. Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient sample from Caba Rojo, Puerto Rico dating from about 1000 CE. Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient samples (3) from La Caleta, Dominican Republic dating from about 1100 CE, Fernandes 2020 
  • Ancient sample from Cueva Juana near Cape of Samana, Dominican Republic dating from about 825 CE. Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient sample from Paso del Indio, Puerto Rico dating from about 1100 CE. Nägele 2020
  • Ancient samples (3) from Lavoutte (Cas-en-Bas), St. Lucia dating from about 1200-1300 CE. Nägele 2020
  • Ancient sample from Los Indios, Puerto Rico dating from about 1350 CE.Nägele 2020
  • Ancient sample from Guayabo Blanco (near Punto Brava), Cuba dating from about 600 BCE. Nägele 2020
  • Ancient sample from Playa del Mango, Rio Cauto, Granma, Cuba dating from about 20 CE. Nägele 2020
  • Ancient samples (2) from Cueva Calero (Matanzas), Cuba dating from about 400-500 CE. Nägele 2020
  • Ancient samples (2) from Canimar Abajo, Cuba dating from about 500-600 CE. Nägele 2020
  • Ancient sample from Cueva del Perico, Cuba dating from about 700 CE. Nägele 2020
  • Ancient samples (2) from Paso del Indio, Puerto Rico dating from about 1000-1250 CE.Nägele 2020
  • Ancient sample from Pica Ocho, Coast of Chile dating from about 1300 CE. Posth 2018
  • Ancient sample from Arroyo Seco, Argentina dating from about 5800 BCE. Posth 2018
  • Ancient sample (2) from the island Chumash, San Miguel Island, Canada dating from about 1830 CE and 1600-1800 CE. Scheib et al, 2018
  • Ancient sample from mainland Chumash, Carpenteria, CA dating from about 400-550 CE. Scheib et al, 2018
  • Ancient sample from island Chumash, Santa Cruz Island, CA dating from about 1500-1800 CE. Scheib et al, 2018
  • Ancient sample from San Sebastian, Cusco, Highlands of Peru dating from about 1450 CE. Nakatsuka 2020
  • Ancient sample from Huaca Pucllana, Lima Peru dating from about 700 CE. Nakatsuka 2020
  • Ancient sample from El Brujo, Peru dating from about 1000 CE. Nakatsuka 2020
  • Ancient sample from southwest of Buenos Aires, Argentina dating from about 400 BCE. Nakatsuka 2020
  • Ancient samples (6) from the central Andes of southern Peru dating from about 300-1450 BCE. Fehren-Schmitz 2015
  • Ancient sample from the middle Andes of southern Peru dating from about 1000 BCE. Fehren-Schmitz 2015
  • Ancient samples from the Kotosh culture in La Galgada, Peru dating from about 2050 BCE, Llamas 2016
  • Ancient sample from the Chinchorro culture in Camarones, Chile dating from about 1800 BCE, Llamas 2016
  • Ancient sample from the Tiwanaku culture in Tiwanaku, Bolivia dating from between 500 and 1000 CE, Llamas 2016
  • Ancient samples (4) from the Wari and Lima Cultures in Huaca Pucllana, Lima, Peru dating from between 500 and 1000 CE, Llamas 2016
  • Ancient sample from the Chancay culture in Pasamayo, Peru dating from between 1000 and 1470 CE, Llamas 2016
  • Ancient sample from the Inca culture in San Sebastian, Peru dating from about 1400 CE, Llamas 2016
  • Ancient sample from the Late Central Andes culture from Cuncaicha, Highlands of Peru dating from 2250 BCE, Llamas 2016
  • Ancient samples (2) from Pica, Chile dating to between 500 and 1000 BCE, Llamas 2016
  • Ancient samples (5) from Checua, Colombia dating from 6000-7800 BCE and 2 samples dating from about 3000 BCE, Diaz-Matallana 2016
  • Ancient sample from the Chinchorro culture in Arica, Chile dating from about 3800 BCE, Raghavan 2015
  • Ancient sample from the Enoque culture from Toca do Enoque in Serra da Capivara, Piaui, Brazil, dating from about 3500 BCE, Raghavan 2015
  • Ancient sample from Big Bar Lake, British Columbia, Canada dating from about 3600 BCE, Moreno-Mayar 2018
  • Ancient samples (4) from the Wari era from Cochapata, Peru dating from about 600-1000 CE, Kemp 2009
  • Ancient samples (3) from the Wari Era from Huari-MQ, Peru dating from about 1000-1450 BCE, Kemp 2009
  • Ancient sample from the Caribbean culture from Santa Elena, Puerto Rico dating from between 900-1300 BCE, Fernandes 2020
  • Ancient samples (4) found in Tibanica, Colombia from about 1000 BCE, Perez 2015
  • Ancient sample from Tilcara, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina dating from about 1100 BCE, Mendisco 2014
  • Ancient sample from Banda de Perchel, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina dating from about 1150 CE, Mendisco 2014
  • Ancient samples (13) from Los Amarilloes, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina dating from about 980-1467 CE, Mendisco 2014
  • Ancient samples (2) from Fuerte Alto, Calchaqui Valley, Salta, Argentina dating from about 1000-1500 CE, Mendisco 2014
  • Ancient sample from Tero, Calchaqui Valley, Salta, Argentina dating from about 1000-1500 CE, Mendisco 2014
  • Ancient samples (2) from the Inca period from Esquina de Huajra (Quebrada de Humahuaca), Argentina dating from about 1500 CE. Russo 2017
  • Ancient samples (4) from Doncellas, Argentina dating from about 1000-1450 CE, Postillone 2017
  • Ancient sample from Casabindo, Argentina dating from about 1000-1450 CE, Postillone 2017
  • Ancient sample from Agua Caliente, Argentina dating from about 1000-1450 CE, Postillone 2017
  • Ancient sample from Doncellas, Argentina dating from about 1000-1450 CE, Postillone 2017
  • Ancient samples (2) from the Athabaskan culture from Tochak McGrath, Upper Kuskokwim River, Alaska, one dating from about 1050-1400 CE, and one from about 550-900 CE, Flegontov 2019. This paper is fascinating – take a look.
  • Ancient sample from Tequendama, Colombia dating from between 4000-5000 BCE, Delgado 2020
  • Ancient sample from Ubate, Colombia dating from about 3600 BCE. Delgado 2020
  • Ancient samples (4) from Aguazuque (Soacha), Colombia, two dating from about 1900 BCE, one from about 2600 BCE, and one from about 775 BCE. Delgado 2020
  • Ancient sample from Canimar Abajo, Cuba dating from about 1100 BCE, Nägele 2020
  • Ancient sample from Restigouche River, near the town of Atholville in northern New Brunswick, Canada dating from about 1500 CE. Raghavan 2015
  • Ancient sample from the lnca Late Horizon from Chincha, Peru dating from about 1500 CE. Bongers 2020

A2a and A2b

  • Paleo Eskimo, identified in only Siberia, Alaska and Natives from the American SW (Achilli 2013)
  • Raff 2015 – Inupiat people from Alaska North Slope
  • Ancient sample, Holas Island, Canada, about 2400 BCE,

A2a

  • Aleut – 2008 Volodko
  • Eskimo – Volodko, 2008
  • Apache – Volodko – 2008
  • Siberian Eskimo, Chukchi, Dogrib, Innuit and Naukan – Dryomov, 2015
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (2 A2a)
  • Common among Eskimo, Na-Dene and the Chukchis in northeasternmost Siberia, Athabaskan in SW (Achilli 2013), circumpolar Siberia to Greenland, Apache 48%, Navajo 13%
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

Ancient A2a

  • Ancient samples (3) from Ekven, Russia, from a 2000 year old Eskimo cemetery near Uelen on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, one sample dating from about 100 BCE, one from about 900 BCE and one from about 30 BCE, Sikora 2019
  • Ancient samples (5) from Ekven, Russia, from a 2000 year old Eskimo cemetery representing the Old Bering Sea culture near Uelen on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, dating from about 700-1000 CE, Flegontov 2019
  • Ancient sample from Kagamil Island Warm Cave, Aleutian Islands, Alaska dating from about 1600 CE, Flegontov 2019
  • Ancient samples (2) from Uelen, Chukotka, Russia on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait dating from about 1000 CE and about 250 CE, Flegontov 2019
  • Ancient sample from the Palm Site (Cook Inlet) from the Alaskan Athabaskan culture dating from about 1850 CE, Scheib et al, 2018
  • Ancient sample from Punta Candelero, Puerto Rico dating from about 158 CE, Nägele 2020
  • Ancient samples (2) from Ekven, Russia, from a 2000 year old Eskimo cemetery representing the Old Bering Sea culture near Uelen on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, dating from about 800-1000 CE, Harney 2020

A2aa

  • Waiwai and Poturujara tribes in Brazil Fagundes, 2008
  • Peru – Brandini, 2017

A2ab

A2ac

  • Chimborazo, Pallatanga, Riobana, Pichincha, Cayambe, Quito, Mejia in Ecuador, Mestizo and Cayapa – Brandini, 2017
  • Hispanic – Just, 2015
  • Colombia – Rieux, 2014
  • Venezuela – Brandini, 2017

A2ac1

  • Colombia, Cuba – Behar, 2012
  • Colombia – HGDP

A2ac2

  • Chimboro, Penipe, Santo Domingo, El Poste, Pichincha, Quito, Bolivar, Chimbo in Ecuador, Native Tsachila and Mestizo – Brandini, 2017

A2ad

A2ac

A2am

A2ar

  • Guatemaula – Sochtig, 2015

A2a1

  • Selkup and Innuit – Dryomov, 2015
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Ancient samples (2) from Ekven, Russia, from a 2000 year old Eskimo cemetery representing the Old Bering Sea culture near Uelen on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, dating from about 850 CE, Flegontov 2019
  • Ancient sample from Tochak McGrath, Upper Kuskokwin River, Alaska from the Athabaskan culture dating from about 1225 CE, Flegontov 2019
  • Ancient sample from Ekven, Russia, from a 2000 year old Eskimo cemetery representing the Old Bering Sea culture near Uelen on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, dating from about 3 CE, Sikora 2019
  • Ancient sample from Ekven, Russia, from a 2000 year old Eskimo cemetery representing the Old Bering Sea culture near Uelen on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, dating from about 800 CE, Harney 2020

A2a2

Ancient A2a2

  • Ancient sample from Ekven, Russia, from a 2000 year old Eskimo cemetery representing the Old Bering Sea culture near Uelen on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, dating from about 250 BCE, Sikora 2019
  • Ancient sample from Ekven, Russia, from a 2000 year old Eskimo cemetery representing the Old Bering Sea culture near Uelen on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, dating from about 1150 CE, Flegontov 2019
  • Ancient sample from Uelen, Chukota, Russia on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, dating from about 1150 CE, Flegontov 2019

A2a3

Ancient A2a3

  • Birnirk (ancient sample,) Chukchi, Naukan, Innuit in Canada and Greenland – Dryomov 2015
  • Ancient sample from Ulaanzuukh, Sukhbaatar, Mongolia dating from about 1200 CE, Jeong 2020
  • Ancient sample from the Pucuncho Basin, Cuncaicha, Peru dating from about 2250 BCE, Nakatsuka 2020
  • Ancient sample from the Cuncaicha Highlands, Peru dating from about 2230 BCE,  Llamas, 2016

A2a4

A2a5

A2ab

A2ac

A2ac1

A2ad

A2ae

A2af

A2af1a

A2af1a1

A2af1a2

A2af1b1

A2af2

A2ag

A2ah

A2ai

A2ak

A2al

A2am

A2ao

  • Ancient sample from Cuncaicha, Highlands of Peru dating from about 1420 CE, Posth 2018

A2ao1

A2ap

A2aq

A2ar

A2as

A2as1

A2at

A2at1

A2au

A2av

  • Hispanic – Just, 2008

A2av1

  • Pichincha, Quito, El Oro, Zaruma in Ecuador, Mestizo and Native Panzaleo, also Peru – Brandini, 2017

A2av1a

  • Tungurahua, Pillaro, Ambato, Chimborazo, Riobamba in Ecuador, Mestizo and Native Panazaleo, also Peru – Brandini, 2017

A2aw

  • Carchi, Tulcan, Carchi, Montufar San Gabriel in Eduador, Mestizo and Native Cayambe – Brandini, 2017

A2b

A2b1

A2c

A2c-C64T

A2d

A2d1

A2d1a

A2d2

A2e

A2f

A2f1

A2f1a

A2f2

A2f3

A2g

A2g1

A2-G153A!

A2 – G16129A!

A2h

A2h1

A2i

A2j

A2j1

A2k

A2k1

A2k1a

A2l

A2m

A2n

A2p

A2p1

A2q

A2q1

A2r

A2r1

A2t

A2-T16111C!

A2u

A2u1

A2u2

A2v

A2v1

A2v1a

A2v1b

A2v1-T152C!!!

A2w

A2w1

A2x

A2y

A2y1

  • Chimborazo, La Moya, Imbabura, San Rafael, in Ecuador, Native Otavalo, Mestizo and Waorani, also Peru – Brandini, 2017

A2z

A2z1

  • Peru – Brandini, 2017
  • Puerto Rico – Behar, 2012
  • Puerto Rico – HGDP
  • Hispanic – Just, 2008
  • Hispanic – Just, 2014

A2z2

A2-C64T

A2-C64T-A189G (please note that under Build 17, most of haplogroup A2 has been reassigned)

A2-C64T-T16111C! (please note that in Build 17, this haplogroup is now A2-T16111C!)

A3

A4 (Please note that in Build 17, people previously assigned A4 were reassigned to other haplogroups based on their mutations, including haplogroups A, A18, A2-T16111C!, A2-G153A!, A-T152C!, A-T152C!-A200G, A A2ao, A2q1, A12a and possibly others. Haplogroup A4 itself no longer exists.)

A4a (please note that in Build 17, A4a became A1)

  • Kumar 2011 – Siberian founder of A2, not found in Americas

A4a1 (please note that in Build 17, A4a1 became A1a)

A4b (please note that in Build 17, A4b became A12a)

A4c (Please note that in Build 17, A4c became A13)

  • Siberian founder of A2, not found in Americas – Kumar 2011

A5

A5a

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 A5a)

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

A11

A12

A12a

  • In Build 17, previous haplogroup A4b became A12a

A13

Haplogroup B

B

B1

B2

  • Native, Beringian Founder Haplogroup – 2008 Achilli, 2007 Tamm
  • Mexican – 2007 Peñaloza-Espinosa
  • Quecha and Ache and Gaviao and Guarani/Rio-das-Cobras and Kayapo-Dubemkokre and Katuena and Pomo and Waiwai and Xavante and Yanomama – Fagundes 2008
  • Ache, Paraguay, Gaviano, Brazil, Xavante, Brazil, Quechua, Bolivia, Guarani, Brazil, Kayapo, Brazil, Guarani, Brazil, Yanomama, Brazil, Cayapa, Ecuador, Coreguaje, Colombia, Ngoebe, Panama, Waunana, Colombia – Fagundes 2008
  • Hispanic American – Just 2008
  • Colombia – Hartmann 2009
  • Mexican American – Kumar 2011
  • Cayapa and Coreguaje and Ngoebe and Waunana and Wayuu and Coreguaje – Tamm 2007
  • Pima – Ingman 2000
  • Native American – Mishmar 2003
  • Colombian and Mayan – Kivisild 2006
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Colombia – Hartman
  • Yaqui – FTDNA
  • Shown with European and Mexican and South American entry in the Haplogroup B project at Family Tree DNA
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (2 B2)
  • Ancient remains from Lauricocha Cave central Andean highlands – Fehren-Schmitz 2015
  • Ancient sample, central Alaska, Upper Sun River site from circa 11,500 before present – 2015, Tackney et al
  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 
  • Aymara, Atacameno, Mapuche, Tehuelche in Chile and Argentina, South America – de Saint Pierre, 2012
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Ychsma culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Lima culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru –  Llamas, 2016
  • Pica-Tarapaca culture, Pica-8, Chile – Llamas, 2016
  • Inca culture, Pueblo Viejo, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Chancay culture, Pasamayo, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Lauricocha culture, Lauricocha, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Tiwanaku culture, Tiwanaku, Bolivia – Llamas, 2016
  • Aceramic culture, Cueva Cadelaria, Mexico – Llamas, 2016
  • Upward Sun River, Tackney 2015
  • Ancient samples, high percent B2 published populations: Yakama, Wishram, N. Paiute/Shoshoni, Washo, Fremont (500-1500 YBP,) Tommy Site (850-1150 YBP,) Anasazi (1010-2010 YBP,) Navajo, Jemez, Hualapai, Pai Yuman, Zuni, River Yuman, Delta Yuman, Tohono O’odham (Papago), Akimal O’odham (Pima,) Quechan/Cocopa, Nahua-Atopan, Embera, Puinave, Curriperco, Ingano, Uungay, San Martin, Peruvian Highlanders (550-450 YBP,), Yacotogia 1187 YBP, Ancash, Arequpa, Chimane, Puno (Quecha,) Quechua 2, Aymara 2, Trinitario, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Atacamenos, Chorote, Gram Chaco – Tackney 2015 supplement 2
  • Ancient samples, Sinixt, Quecha, Coreguaje, Waunana, Wayuu – Tackney 2015 supplement 1
  • Paisley 5 Mile Point Caves, 11,000-10,800 YBP – Gilbert et al, 2008
  • LatacungaCotopaxi, Angamarca, Loja, Ganil, Saquisili, Canar, Azogues, Pichincha, Quito in Ecuador, Mestizo and Native, also Peru,  5 ancient and several Mestizo – Brandini, 2017
  • Washington State, Oregon, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Illinois, North Carolina, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Brazil – Haplogroup B project at Family Tree DNA August 2019

B2a

  • Found just to the south of A2a, widespread in SW and found in one Chippewa clan, one Tsimshian in Canada and tribes indigenous to the SW, Mexico, possibly Bella Coola and Ojibwa, evolved in North America – Achilli 2008 and 2013,
  • Chihuahua, Mexico – Achilli, 2013
  • Found with Mexican entry and descended from Dorothee Metchiperouata b.c.1695 (Illinois) in the Haplogroup B project at Family Tree DNA
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (14 B2a)
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

B2aa

B2aa1

B2aa1a

B2aa2

  • Mexico – Behar, 2012
  • Mexico – Kumar, 2011

B2ab

  • Peru, ancient and contemporary – Brandini, 2017
  • Bolivia, ancient sample – Llamas, 2016

B2ab1

B2ab1a

B2ab1a1

B2ac

B2ad

B2ae

B2ag

B2ag1

B2ah

B2a1

B2a1a

B2a1a1

B2a1b

B2a2

B2a3

B2a4

B2a4a

B2a4a1

B2a5

B2b

  • Achilli, 2008
  • Yanomama, Pomo, Xavante, Kayapo – Fagundes, Cayapa – Tamm
  • Shown in Mexico and South America in the Haplogroup B project at Family Tree DNA
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (40 B2b)
  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Yschsma culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Wari culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Lima culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Inca culture, Pueblo Viejo, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Chancay culture, Pasamayo, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Cayapa – Tackney 2015 supplement 1
  • Loja, Tungurahua, Pichincha, Pedro vicente Malonado in Ecuador, Native, Mestizo and Native Saraguro, also Peru, ancient and contemporary – Brandini, 2017
  • Pomo in California – Fagundes, 2008
  • Xavante in Brazil – Fagundes, 2008
  • Colombia – HGDP
  • Hispanic – Just, 2015
  • Bolivia – Taboada-Echalar, 2013
  • Hoopa Tribe – private correspondence to Roberta Estes, August 2019

B2b1

B2b2

B2b2a

  • Bolivia – Toboada-Echalar, 2013

B2b3

B2b3a

B2b4

  • Mexico – Kumar, 2011

B2b5

  • Pichincha, Juan Montalvo, Cotopaxi, Mulalo, San Miguel de Los Bancos, Imbabura, Ibarra, Loja, Onocapa, Quito in Ecuador, Native Cayambe, Cayapa and Mestizo, also Peru and Venezuela – Brandini, 2017

B2b5a

B2b5a1

B2b5b

B2b5b1

B2b5b1a

B2b5b1a1

  • Pichicha, Ruminaui, Loja, Linderos, Ganil, Onocapa, Bolivar, Pinato in Ecuador, Native, Native Quincha, Mestizo – Brandini, 2017

B2b6a

B2b6a1

  • Pichincha, Quito, Ruminahui, Loja, Ganil in Ecuador, Native and Mestizo, also Peru – Brandini, 2017

B2b6a1a

  • Chimborazo, Riobamba, Chimborazo, Colta, Cotopaxi, Salcedo, Loja, Onacapa, Loja, Ganil, Quito, Pichincha, Pujili, Machachi in Ecuador, Native Puruha, Native Quitu-Cara/Cayambe Mestizo and Native – Brandini, 2017

B2b6b

B2b6b1

B2b6b1a

  • Loja, Gonzanama in Ecuador, Mestizo and Native, also Peru – Brandini, 2017

B2b7

B2b8

B2b8a

B2b9

B2b9a

B2b9b

B2b9c

  • Los Rios, Babahoyo in Ecuador, Mestizo, also Peru, 2 ancient – Brandini, 2017

B2b10a

B2b10b

B2b11

B2b11a

B2b11a1

B2b11a1a

B2b11b

B2b11b1

B2b12a

  • Morona-Santiago, Yaupi in Ecuador, Native Shuar, also Peru – Brandini, 2017

B2b12b

B2b13

B2c

  • Achilli, 2008
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Hispanic – Parsons
  • Asia – Herrnstadt
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (2 B2c)
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Ottawa River, Canada, Fulton Co., Pennsylvania, Orange Co., New York, Martin Co., North Carolina and San Luis Potosi, Mexico – Haplogroup B project at Family Tree DNA in August 2019

B2c1

B2c1a

B2c1b

B2c1c

B2c2

B2c2a

B2c2b

B2d

B2e

B2f

B2g

B2g1

B2g2

B2h

B2i2

B2i2a1a

B2i2b

B2i2b1

B2j

B2k

B2l

  • Peuhuenche, Mapuche, Huilliche, Mapuche ARG and Tehuelche Chile and Argentina, South America – de Saint Pierre, 2012
  • Wintu tribe descendant, Wintu DNA Project at Family Tree DNA, August 2019

B2l1

  • Mexico – HGDP

B2l1a

B2l1a1

B2m

B2n

B2o

B2o1

  • Loja, Quilanga, Chimborazo, El Altar in Ecuador, Mestizo – Brandini, 2017

B2o1a

  • Bolivia – Taboada-Eschalar, 2013

B2p

B2q

B2q1

  • Pichincha, Zambiza, Loja, Catacocha, Onacapa in Ecuador, Native and Mestizo, also Peru – Brandini, 2017

B2q1a

  • Loja, Ganil, El Oro, Arenillas in Ecuador, Mestizo, also Peru – Brandini, 2017

B2q1a1

B2q1b

B2r (Phylotree V17)

B2s

B2t

B2u

B2v

B2w

B2y

B2y1

B2y2

B2z

B2z1

  • Cotopaxi and Sigchos in Ecuador, Mestizo and Native Panzaleo (Quincha) – Brandini, 2017

B2z1a

  • Loja, Ganil, Onacapa in Ecuador, Native and Mestizo – Brandini, 2017

B2-T16311C!

B4

B4a1a

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 B4a1a)

B4a1a1

  • Found in skeletal remains of the now extinct Botocudos (Aimores) Indians of Brazil, thought to perhaps have arrived from Polynesia via the slave trade.  Goncalves 2013, Polynesian motif,
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 B4a1a1) – full genome sequencing shows these remains to be entirely Polynesian, Malaspinas, 2015, Estes 2015.
  • Note August 30, 2016 – Te Papa’s archival records dating back to 1883/84 indicate that a Māori skull and a Moriori skull were sent to the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro in the early 1880s. In 2013-14, the findings of DNA research which included samples of Botocudo Indians housed at National Museum in Rio de Janeiro indicated that two of the Botocudo ancestors had typical Polynesian DNA sequences. It seems likely that these two “Botocudo Indians” with Polynesian DNA are the Tupuna (ancestors) that were sent from the Wellington Colonial Museum (now Te Papa) in the 1880s.   

B4a1a1a

  • Found in skeletal remains of the now extinct Botocudos (Aimores) Indians of Brazil, thought to perhaps have arrived from Polynesia via the slave trade.  Goncalves 2013, Polynesian motif – full genome sequencing shows these remains to be entirely Polynesian, Malaspinas, 2015, Estes 2015. See August 30, 2016 note for B4a1a1.

B4a1b

B4a1b1

B4b

B4b1

B4bd

B4c1b

B4f1

B4’5

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Shown as European and East Asian and Mexican and South America and Nicaragua and Guatemaula and Cuba and Pacific Islands and identified as Ho-Chunk and descended from Pistikiokonay Pushmataha, b. 1766 (Choctaw) and Eastern Cherokee and Chickasaw and Creek in the Haplogroup B project at Family Tree DNA
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (15 B4’5)
  • Please note that not all B4’5 is Native

B5b2

  • Native American branch of haplogroup B with roots in the Altai-Sayan Upland.  Starikovskaya, 2005

B5b2a

B5b2a2

B5b3

B2e

  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 

B21

  • Found in skeletal remains of the now extinct Botocudos (Aimores) Indians of Brazil, thought to perhaps have arrived from Polynesia via the slave trade, Goncalves 2013

Haplogroup C

C

C1

  • Native – 2008 Achilli, 2007 Tamm
  • Mexican – 2007 Peñaloza-Espinosa, Kumar 2011
  • Poturujara – Fagundes 2008
  • Hispanic American – Just 2008
  • Arara do Laranjal and Quechua and Yanomama and Waiwai and Zoro – Fagundes 2008
  • Waiwai, Brazil, Zoro, Brazil, Quechua, Bolivia, Arara, Brazil, Poturujara, Brazil – Fagundes 2008
  • Native American – Mishmar 2003
  • Warao – Ingman 2000
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (25 C1 with no subgroup)
  • Remains from Wizard’s Beach in Nevada– Chatters, 2015
  • Aymara, Atacameno, Mapuche, Huilliche, Kawesqar, Mapuche, Teheulche and Yamana in Chile and Argentina, South America – de Saint Pierre, 2012
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Tiwanaku culture, Tiwanaku, Bolivia – Llamas, 2016
  • Wizard’s Beach, Nevada – Tackney, 2016
  • High Percent C1 published populations: Norris Farms 700 YBP, Cecil (3600-2860 YBP,) Cook 2000 YBP, Hualapai, Delta Yuman, Akimal O’odham (Pima,), La Calenta (Tainos) (1330-320 YBP,) Arawaken, Guambiano, Desano, Movina, Ignaciano

C1a

C1b

  • Beringian Founder Haplogroup – 2008 Achilli
  • Wayuu – 2007 Tamm
  • Pima, Mexico – Hartmann 2009
  • Mexican American – Kumar 2011
  • Quechua and Zoro and Arara and Poturujara – Fagundes 2008
  • Peru – Tito
  • Colombia – Zheng
  • Samish on Guemes Island and Fidalgo Island, British Columbia, American Indian DNA Project, 2014
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (26 C1b)
  • Central Alaska from circa 11,500 before present – 2015 Tackney et al
  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014
  • Mexico and Ecuador in the Haplogroup C project at Family Tree DNA
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Inca culture, Llullaillaco, Argentina – Llamas, 2016
  • Ychsma culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Wari culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Lima culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Inca culture, Pueblo Viejo, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Chancay culture, Pasamayo, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Chullpa Botigiriayocc, Peru- Llamas, 2016
  • Tiwanaku culture, Tiwanaku, Bolivia – Llamas, 2016
  • Aceramic culture, Cueva Candelaria, Mexico – Llamas, 2016
  • Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil – Gomez-Carballa 2015
  • Upward Sun River, Alaska – Tackney, 2015
  • Canary, Hispanic, Pima – Tackney 2015 supplement 1
  • Pichincha, Quito, Chimborazo, Guamote, Cotopaxi, Salcedo, Machachi, Azuay, Cuenca, Loja in Ecuador, Mestizo, Native Quitu-Cara/Cayambe and Native Puruha, also in Peru, 7 ancient and 16 contemporary, Mestizo – Brandini, 2017
  • Wintu tribal survivors, private correspondence to Roberta Estes, August 2019

C1b1

C1b1a

  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa, 2015

C1b1b

  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1bi

  • Gomez-Carbala, 2015, Complete Mito Genome of 500 Year Old Inca Child Mummy

C1b2

C1b2a

C1b2a1

C1b2b

  • Puerto Rico – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b3

C1b4

C1b5

C1b5a

  • Hispanic – Parsons
  • Mexican – Kumar
  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b5b

C1b6

  • Yanomama – Fagundes
  • Brazil – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b7

C1b7a

C1b7a1

  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b7b

  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b8

C1b8a

C1b8a1

  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b9

C1b9a

C1b10

C1b10a

  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b11

C1b11a1

  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b11b1

  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b12

C1b12a

  • Mexico, USA – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b13

  • Found in skeletal remains of the now extinct Botocudos (Aimores) Indians of Brazil, thought to perhaps have arrived from Polynesia via the slave trade, Goncalves 2013
  • Chilean and Kolla – de Saint Pierre, Dec. 2012
  • Atacameno, Pehuenche, Mapuche, Huilliche, Kawesqar, Mapuche, Tehuelche and Yamana in Chile and Argentina, South America – de Saint Pierre, 2012
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Chile, Argentina – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b13a

C1b13a1

C1b13a1a

C1b13b

C1b13c

C1b13c1

C1b13c2

  • Chile, Argentina – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b13d

C1b13e

C1b14

C1b11

C1b15

C1b15a

  • Brazil – Gomez-Carballa 2015

C1b16

C1b17

C1b18

C1b19

  • Peru – Gomez-Carballa 2015
  • Peru, 9 ancient and 2 contemporary – Brandini, 2017

C1b20

C1b21

C1b21a

  • Peru – Gomez-Carballa 2015
  • Peru, 2 ancient and 2 contemporary – Brandini, 2017

C1b22

C1b23

  • Loja, Tuncarta, Onacapa, Ganil, Catacocha in Ecuador, Native, Native Saraguro and Mestizo – Brandini, 2017

C1b24

C1b25

C1b26a

C1b26a1

C1b27

C1b28

C1b29

  • Bolivar, Cotopaxi, Mana, Quito, Loja in Ecuador, Native and Mestizo – Brandini, 2017

C1ba

C1b-T16311C

C1c

C1c1

C1c1a

C1c1b

C1c2

C1c3

C1c4

C1c5

C1c6

C1c7

C1c8

C1c8-A19254G, C16114T

C1d

  • Beringian Founder Haplogroup – 2008 Achilli
  • Coreguaje – 2007 Tamm
  • Coreguaje, Colombia – Fagundes 2008
  • Tamaulipas and Guanajuato and Chihuahua and Kolla-Salta and Buenos Aires and Boyacá, Colombia and Mexico – Perego 2010
  • Chihuahua, Mexico, Salta, Argentina – Perego 2010
  • Mexican American – Kumar 2011
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (4 C1d)
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Hispanic, Coreguaje – Tackney 2015 supplement 1

C1d-C194T

  • Mexico, and Argentina and Colombia – Perego,

C1d1

  • Warao, Venezuela – Ingman 2000
  • Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Lima, Peru and Buenos Aires and Loreta, Peru and Imbabura, Ecuador and Mestizos in Colombia and Minas Gerais, Brazil and Cajamarca, Peru and Huanucu,Peru and Puca Puca, Peru and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil and Chaco, Paraguay and Kolla-Salta and Piura, Peru and Huancavelica, Peru and Corrientes and Los Lagos, Chile and Oklahoma and Kuna Yala, Panama and Darien, Panama and Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua and Eduador and Uruguay and Nicaragua – Perego 2010
  • Fagundes 2008
  • Tamm, 2007
  • Coreguaje – Tamm
  • Warao – Ingman
  • American – Kivisild
  • Hispanic – Parsons
  • Brazil – Rieux
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Loja, Ganil in Ecuador, Mestizo, also Lima in Peru and 1 ancient sample – Brandini, 2017

C1d1a

C1d1a1

C1d1b

  • Argentina and Kolla-Salta and Diaguita-Catamarca and Buenos Aires and Rio negro and Corrientes and Flores, Uruguay – Perego 2011
  • Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Loreto, Peru, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Cajamarca, Peru, Huánuco, Peru, Puca Pucara, Peru, Chaco, Paraguay, Huancavelica, Peru, Los Lagos, Chile, Panama – Perego 2010
  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

C1d1b1

C1d1c

C1d1c1

C1d1d

C1d1e

C1d1f

  • Imbabura, Pichincha, Ruminahui, Quito, Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Mestizo – Brandini, 2017

C1d2

C1d2a

C1d3

C1d-C194T

C1e

C2

  • Mexican – 2007 Peñaloza-Espinosa

C2b

C4

  • 2007 Tamm
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (4 C4 with no subgroup)
  • Chippewa – White Earth Reservation, Minnesota – private test at 23andMe
  • Inupiat people from Alaska North Slope – Raff 2015
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

C4a

C4a1

C4b

C4c

Beringian Founder Haplogroup – 2008 Achilli

C4c1

C4c1a

C4c1b

C4c2

C4e

Haplogroup D

D

D1

  • Native, Beringian Founder Haplogroup – 2008 Achilli
  • Coreguaje – 2007 Tamm
  • Mexican – 2007 Peñaloza-Espinosa
  • Hispanic American – 2008 Just
  • Mexican American – Kumar 2011
  • North American – Henstadt 2008 and Achilli 2008
  • Katuena and Poturujara and Surui and Tiryo and Waiwai and Zoro and Gaviao and Guarani/Rio-das-Cobras  – Fagundes 2008
  • Gaviao, Brazil, Surui, Brazil, Waiwai, Brazil, Katuena, Brazil, Poturujara, Brazil, Tiryo, Brazil – Fagundes 2008
  • Karitiana, Brazil – Hartmann 2009
  • Guarani – Ingman 2000
  • Native American – Mishmar 2003
  • Guarani and Brazilian and Que Chia and Pima Indian – Kivisild 2006
  • British Colombia found in the Haplogroup D project at Family Tree DNA
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (59 D1)
  • D1 from 12,000-13,000 skeletal remains found in the Yukatan, Chatters et al 2014, Chatters et al 2015
  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014
  • Chumash, Rumsen, Yokuts, Tubatulabal, Mono, Gabrielino – Breschini and Haversat 2008
  • Aymara, Atacameno, Huilliche, Kawesqar, Mapuche, Yamana in Chile and Argentina, South America – de Saint Pierre, 2012
  • Rio Negro, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Tarapaca, Chile, Maule, Chile, Atacama, Chile, Mapuche, Argentina, Biobio, Chile, Cordoba, Argentina, Valparaiso, Chile – Bodner 2012
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Ychsma culture, Huaca Pucllana, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Inca culture, Pueblo Viejo, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Chancay culture, Pasamayo, Peru – Llamas, 2016
  • Loja in Eduador, Mestizo, also several Peru, Mestizo and 3 ancient samples

D1a

D1a1

  • Brazil – Kivisild 2006

D1a1a1

D1a2

D1b

D1c

D1d

D1d1

D1d2

D1f

D1f1

D1f2

D1f3

D1g

  • Found in skeletal remains of the now extinct Botocudos (Aimores) Indians of Brazil, thought to perhaps have arrived from Polynesia via the slave trade, Goncalves 2013
  • Aymara, Pehuenche, Mapuche, Huilliche, Mapuche, Tehuelche, Yamana in Chile and Argentina, South America – de Saint Pierre, 2012
  • New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D1g1

D1g1a

D1g2

D1g2a

D1g3

D1g4

D1g5

D1g6

D1h

D1i

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D1i2

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D1j

  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 

D1j1a

  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D1j1a1

  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 

D1k

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Mexico – HGDP
  • Hispanic – Just, 2008
  • Mexico – Kumar, 2011

D1k1

D1k1a

D1m

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D1n

D1o

D1p

D1q

D1q1

D1r

D1r1

D1s

D1s1

D1t

D1u

D1u1

D2

  • Aleut, Commander Islands and Eskimo, Siberia – 2002 Derbeneva
  • 2007 Tamm
  • Mexican – 2007 Peñaloza-Espinosa
  • Tlingit, Commander Island – Volodko 2008
  • Inupiat people from Alaska North Slope, ancient Paleo-Eskimos – Raff 2015
  • Miwok – Breschini and Haversat 2008
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D2a

  • NaDene – 2002 Derbeneva
  • 2008 Achilli
  • Eskimo in Siberia – Tamm 2007
  • Late Dorset ancient sample, Tlingit (Commander Island) – Dryomov 2015
  • Inupiat people from Alaska North Slope – Raff 2015
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D2a1

  • Aleut Islanders and northernmost Eskimos, Saqqaq Ancient sample, Middle Dorset ancient sample – Dryomov 2015
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D2a1a

  • Aleut – 2008 Volodko
  • Aleut – Dryomov 2015
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Commander Islands – 2008 Volodko (100%)

D2a1b

  • Sireniki (Russian) Eskimo – Dryomov 2015
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D2a2

  • Chukchi – Derenko, Ingman, Tamm and Volodko
  • Eskimo – Tamm and Volodko
  • Siberia – Derbeneva
  • Eskimos and Chikchi – Dryomov 2015
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D2b

  • 2007 Tamm
  • Aleut 2002
  • Derbeneva, Russia – Derenko
  • Siberian mainland cluster – Dryomov 2015
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D2c

  • Eskimo – 2002 Derbeneva
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D3

  • Inuit – 2008 Achilli
  • 2007 Tamm
  • Inupiat people from Alaska North Slope (noted as currently D4b1a) – Raff 2015
  • Ancient Neo-Eskimos, Kitanemuk, Kawaiisu – Breschini and Haversat 2008
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D3a2a

  • Greenland – 2008 Volodko

D3a2a

  • Canada – 2008 Volodko

D4

  • 2007 Tamm
  • Cayapa, Ecuador – Fagundes 2008
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (2 D4)
  • Chumash – Breschini and Haversat 2008
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4b1

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 D4b1)

D4b1a

  • Inupiat people from Alaska North Slope (noted as formerly D3), ancient Neo-Eskimos – Raff 2015
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4b2a2

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 D4b2a2)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4e1

  • Mexican American – Kumar 2011
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4e1a1

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 D4e1a1)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4e1c

  • Kumar 2011 – found in Mexican Americans (2 sequences only)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4g1

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4h1a

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4h1a1

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4h1a2

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4h3

  • Beringian Founder Haplogroup – 2008 Achilli
  • 2007 Tamm
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 D4h3)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4h3a

  • Veracruz, Mexico, Arequipa, Peru, Loreto, Peru, Ancash, Peru, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Maranhao, Brazil – Perego 2009
  • Mexican American – Kumar 2011
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (2 D4h3a)
  • Raff and Bolnick, Nature February 2014 – Anzick’s haplogroup
  • Remains from On Your Knees Cave in Alaska, Chatters, 2015
  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 
  • Aymara, Mapuche, Huilliche, Kawesqar, Tehuelche, Yamana in Chile and Argentina, South America – de Saint Pierre, 2012
  • Native American Mitochondrial
  • DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • On Your Knees Cave, Alaska, 10,300 YPB – Lindo 2017
  • Peru and Ecuador, Cayapa and Mestizo – Brandini, 2017

D4h3a1

  • Coquimbo, Chile, O’Higgins, Chile, Coquimbo, Chile, Santiago, Chile, Los Lagos, Chile, Bio-Bio, Chile – Perego 2009

D4h3a1a

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4h3a1a1

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4h3a2

  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 

D4h3a3

  • Chihuahua, Mexico, Tarahumara, Mexico, Nuevo Leon, Mexico – Perego 2009

D4h3a4

D4h3a5

  • Maule, Chile, Los Lagos, Chile, Santiago, Chile – Perego 2009
  • Equador and Peru – Brandini, 2017

D4h3a6

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017
  • Cotopaxi, Farahugsha in Ecuador, Native Panazleo (Quincha), also Peru – Brandini, 2017

D4h3a7

  • British Columbia ancient sample 939, may be extinct – Ciu 2013
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4h3a8

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4h3a9

D4h3a11

D4j

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (2 D4j)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D4j8

  • Gran Chaco, Argentina – Sevini 2014 

D5

D5a2a

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D5b1

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

Haplogroup F

F1a1

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017 – Mexico in American Indian Project

Haplogroup M

M

  • Discovered in prehistoric sites, China Lake, British Columbia – 2007 Malhi
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

M1

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017- Probably Native

M1a

M1a1b

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 M1a1b)

M1a1e

  • USA – Olivieri
  • Many Eurasian in Genbank

M1b1

M2a3

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 M2a3)

M3

M5b3e

M7b1’2

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 M7b1’2)

M9a3a

M18b

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

M23

M30c

M30d1

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 M30d1)

M51

Haplogroup X

X

  • A founding lineage – found in ancient DNA Washington State –  2002 Malhi
  • 2007 Tamm
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

X2

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

X2a

X2a1

X2a1a

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Sioux and USA – Perego
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 X2a1a)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

X2a1a1

  • Jemez and Siouian – Fagundes
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

X2a1b

X2a1b1

  • USA – Perego
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

X2a1b1a

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Western Chippewa and Chippewa – Fagundes
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (2 X2a1b1a)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

X2a1c

X2a2

  • Navajo – Mishmar
  • USA – Perego
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 X2a2)
  • Manawan in Quebec, Newfoundland Island, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador – Haplogroup X Project at Family Tree DNA
  • Estes X2a (2016)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

X2b

  • European – note that 2008 Fagundes removed a sample from their analysis because they believed X2b was indeed European not X2a Native
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (2 X2b)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017

X2b-T226C

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 X2b-T226T confirmed Irish, not Native)

X2b3

  • America – Kivisild

X2b4

X2b5

  • Not Native American – Cherokee DNA Project

X2b7

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017 – Not Native

X2c

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017 – not Native

X2c1

  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017 – not Native

X2c2

X2d

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017- probably not Native

X2e1

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Behar notes two submissions at mtdnacommunity that are likely European
  • 2 confirmed X2e1 from Valcea , Romania at Family Tree DNA
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017 – probably not Native

X2e2

  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and F999913
  • Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 X2e2)
  • Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Estes, 2017 – probably not Native

X2g

  • Identified in single Ojibwa subject – Achilli 2013
  • Ojibwa – Perego

X2e

  • Altai people, may have arrived from Caucus in last 5000 years

X2e1

X6

  • Found in the Tarahumara and Huichol of Mexico, 2007 Peñaloza-Espinosa

MtDNA References

Mitochondiral genome variation and the origin of modern humans, Ingman et al, Natuer 2000, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v408/n6813/full/408708a0.html

Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World, Theodore Schurr, American Scientist, 2000, http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~tgschurr/pdf/Am%20Sci%20Article%202000.pdf

Brief Communication: Haplogroup X Confirmed in Prehistoric North America, Ripan Malhi et al, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2002, http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/34275/10106_ftp.pdf

Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in the Aleuts of the Commander Islands and Its Implications for the Genetic History of Beringia, Olga Derbeneva et al, American Journal of Human Genetics, June 2002, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379174/

High Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas, Zegura et al, Oxford Journals, 2003, http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/1/164.full.pdf

Ancient DNA – Modern Connections: Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California by Gary Breschini and Trudy Haversat published in the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Volume 40, Number 2, (written 2004 although references are later than 2004, printed 2008)

Ancient individuals from the North American Northwest Coast reveal 10,000 years of regional genetic continuity by John Lindo et al, published in PNAS April 2017

Mitochondrial haplogroup M discovered in prehistoric North Americans, Ripan Malhi et al, Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (2007), http://public.wsu.edu/~bmkemp/publications/pubs/Malhi_et_al_2007.pdf

Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders, Erika Tamm et al, PLOS One, September 2007, http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000829

Characterization of mtDNA Haplogroups in 14 Mexican Indigenous Populations, Human Biology, 2007

Achilli A, Perego UA, Bravi CM, Coble MD, et al. (2008) The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies. PLoS ONE 3(3): e1764. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001764 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001764

Complete mitochondrial genome sequences for 265 African American and US “Hispanic” individuals, Forensic Science Int. Genetics, 2 e45-e48, 2008, Just et al

Mitochondrial population genomics supports a single pre-Clovis origin with a coastal route for the peopling of the Americas, American Journal of Human Genetics, 82, 583-592, 2008 Fagundes et al

The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies, Achilli et al, PLOS, March 2008, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001764

Mitochondrial genome diversity in arctic Siberians with particular reference to the evolutionary history of Beringia and Pleistocenic peopling of the Americans, Natalia Volodko, et al, American Journal of Human Genetics, June 2008  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452887

A Reevaluation of the Native American MtDNA Genome Diverstiy and Its Bearing on the Models of Early colonization of Beringia, Fagundes et al, PLOS One, Sept. 2008, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003157

Validation of microarray-based resequencing of 93 worldwide mitochondrial genomes, Hum. Mutat. 30, 115-122, (2009)H Hartmann et al

Distinctive Paleo-Indian migration routes from Beringia marked by two rare mtDNA haplogroups, Current Biology 19 1-8 (2009) Perego et al

Initial peopling of the Americas: A growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia, Genome Research 20, 1174-1179, 2010 Perego et al

Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins, Kumar et al, Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology, October 2011, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/293

Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins, Kumar et al, 2011, Evolutionary Biology, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/293/

Decrypting the Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Modern Panamanians, Ugo Perrego, et al, PLOS One, June 2012, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038337

An Alternative Model for the Early Peopling of Southern South America Revealed by Analyses of Three Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, de Saint Pierre et al, 2012, PLOS

Rapid coastal spread of first Americans: Novel insights from South America’s Southern Cone mitochondrial genomes, Genome Research 22, 811-820, 2012, Bodner et al

Arrival of Paleo-Indians to the Southern Cone of South America: New Clues from Mitogenomes, de Saint Pierre et al, Dec. 2012, PLOS

Genetic uniqueness of the Waorani tribe from the Ecuadorian Amazon, Heredity 108, 609-615, 2012, Cardoso et al

Reconciling migration models to the Americas with the variation of North American native mitogenomes, Alessandro Achjilli et al, PNAS Aug. 2013, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/08/1306290110.full.pdf+html

Ancient DNA Analysis of Mid-Holocene Individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America Reveals Different Evolutionary Paths for Mitogenomes, Yinqui Ciu et al, PLOS One, July 2013  http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066948

Identification of Polynesian mtDNA haplogroup in remains of Botocudo Americndians from Brazil, Goncalves et al, 2013, PNAS  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631640/

Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans” by James Chatters et al, May 2014, Science

Genetic roots of the first Americans, Raff and Bolnick, (February 2014), Nature

Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern native Americans by Chatters, et al, Science, Vol 244, May 16, 2014

Two ancient genomes reveal Polynesian ancestry among the indigenous Botocudos of Brazil, by Malaspinas et al, Current Biology, November 2014

Botocudo Ancient Remains from Brazil, by Roberta Estes, July 2015

Two contemporaneious mitogenomes from terminal Pleistocene burials in eastern Beringia, Tackney et al, 2015, PNAS

The complete mitogenome of 500-year old Inca child mummy, 2015, Nature, Gomez-Carballa et al

Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? A Critical Re-Evaluation, 2015, PubMed, Raff and Bolnick

Mitochondrial diversity of Iñupiat people from the Alaskan North Slope provides evidence for the origins of the Paleo- and Neo-Eskimo peoples by Raff et al, (April 17, 2015) American Journal of Physical Anthropology  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22750/
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-04/nu-dsa042715.php

Mitochondrial genome diversity at the Bering Strait area highlights prehistoric human migrations from Siberia to northern North America – Dryomov et al, European Journal of Human Genetics, 2015  

MtDNA Haplogroup A10 Lineages in Bronze Age Samples Suggest That Ancient Autochthonous Human Groups Contributed to the Specificity of the Indigenous West Siberian Population by Pilipenko, et al, PLOS One, 2015

A Reappraisal of the early Andean Human Remains from Lauricocha in Peru by Fehren-Schmitz et al, PLosS ONE 10 (6)(2105)

Ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man by Rasmussen et al, Nature, June 18, 2015

Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas, Llamas et al, Science Advances April 1, 2016 Vol. 2 No. 4, e1501385     http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501385     

Native American Haplogroup X2a – Solutrean, Hebrew or Beringian?, 2016, Estes

X2b4 is European, Not Native American, Estes, September 2016

‘Human mitochondrial genomes reveal population structure and different phylogenies in Gran Chaco (Argentina)’ by Sevini, F., Vianello, D., Barbieri, C., Iaquilano, N., De Fanti, S., Luiselli, D., Franceschi, C. and Franceschi, Z., sequences submitted to GenBank in January 2016 from 2014 unpublished paper

Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty by Kennett et al, 2017, Nature Communications

New Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups by Roberta Estes, March 2, 2017

DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America by M. Thomas P. Gilbert et al, published in Science May 9, 2008

The Paleo-Indian Entry into South America According to Mitogenomes by Brandini, et al, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 35, Issue 2, February 2018, Pages 299–311

Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of the Native American Haplogroups by Elena B. Starikovskaya et al, Annals of Human Genetics, January 2005 (only haplogroup B5 posted above)

Locals, resettlers, and pilgrims: A genetic portrait of three pre‐Columbian Andean populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Baca, M., Molak, M., Sobczyk, M., Węgleński, P., & Stankovic, A. (2014). 154(3), 402-412

“Brief communication: Molecular analysis of the Kwäday Dän Ts’ finchi ancient remains found in a glacier in Canada.” Monsalve, M. Victoria, et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 119.3 (2002): 288-291

Ancient DNA reveals kinship burial patterns of a pre-Columbian Andean community, Baca, M., Doan, K., Sobczyk, M., Stankovic, A., & Węgleński, P. (2012) BMC genetics, 13(1), 30.

Ancient human parallel lineages within North America contributed to a coastal expansion. Scheib, C. L., Li, H., Desai, T., Link, V., Kendall, C., Dewar, G., … & Kerr, S. L. (2018). Science, 360(6392), 1024-1027.

Paleogenetical study of pre‐columbian samples from Pampa Grande (Salta, Argentina), Carnese, F. R., Mendisco, F., Keyser, C., Dejean, C. B., Dugoujon, J. M., Bravi, C. M., … & Crubézy, E. (2010), American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 141(3), 452-462

A re-appraisal of the early Andean human remains from Lauricocha in Peru. Fehren-Schmitz, L., Llamas, B., Lindauer, S., Tomasto-Cagigao, E., Kuzminsky, S., Rohland, N., … & Nordenfelt, S. (2015), PloS one, 10(6), e0127141.

Reconstructing the deep population history of Central and South America. Posth, C., Nakatsuka, N., Lazaridis, I., Skoglund, P., Mallick, S., Lamnidis, T. C., … & Broomandkhoshbacht, N. (2018), Cell, 175(5), 1185-1197.

Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas. Llamas, B., Fehren-Schmitz, L., Valverde, G., Soubrier, J., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., … & Romero, M. I. B. (2016). Science advances, 2(4), e1501385.

A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes. Nakatsuka, N., Lazaridis, I., Barbieri, C., Skoglund, P., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Posth, C., et al. (2020), Cell, 181 (5), 1131-1145.e21.

A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean. Fernandes, D. M., Sirak, K. A., Ringbauer, H., Sedig, J., Rohland, N., Cheronet, O., … & Adamski, N. (2020), bioRxiv

Genomic insights into the early peopling of the Caribbean. Nägele, K., Posth, C., Orbegozo, M. I., de Armas, Y. C., Godoy, S. T. H., Herrera, U. M. G., … & Laffoon, J. (2020). Science.

El análisis genético de paleo-colombianos de Nemocón, Cundinamarca proporciona revelaciones sobre el poblamiento temprano del Noroeste de Suramérica. Díaz-Matallana, M., Gómez Gutiérrez, A., Briceño, I., & Rodríguez Cuenca, J. V. (2016). Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat., 40(156), 461-483.

Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans, Raghavan, M., Steinrücken, M., Harris, K., Schiffels, S., Rasmussen, S., DeGiorgio, M., … & Eriksson, A. (2015). Science, 349(6250).

Early human dispersals within the Americas. Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Vinner, L., de Barros Damgaard, P., De La Fuente, C., Chan, J., Spence, J. P., … & Rasmussen, S. (2018). Science, 362(6419).

Genetic continuity after the collapse of the Wari empire: Mitochondrial DNA profiles from Wari and post‐Wari populations in the ancient Andes. Kemp, B. M., Tung, T. A., & Summar, M. L. (2009). American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 140(1), 80-91

Aportes genéticos para el entendimiento de la organización social de la comunidad Muisca Tibanica (Soacha, Cundinamarca). Pérez, L., 2015. Ph.D. Dissertation, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.

Genetic diversity of a late prehispanic group of the Quebrada de Humahuaca, northwestern Argentina. Mendisco, F., Keyser, C., Seldes, V., Rivolta, C., Mercolli, P., Cruz, P., … & Ludes, B. (2014). Annals of Human Genetics, 78(5), 367-380.

Linajes mitocondriales en muestras de Esquina de Haujra (Jujuy, Argentina): Aportes al estudio de la ocupación incaica en la región y la procedencia de sus habitantes. Russo, M. G., Gheggi, M. S., Avena, S. A., Dejean, C. B., & Cremonte, M. B. (2016).

Linajes maternos en muestras antiguas de la Puna jujeña: Comparación con estudios de la región centrosur andina. Postillone, M. B., Fuchs, M. L., Crespo, C. M., Russo, M. G., Varela, H. H., Carnese, F. R., … & Dejean, C. B. (2017). Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica, 19(1), 3.

Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America. Flegontov, P., Altınışık, N.E., Changmai, P. et al. Nature 570, 236–240 (2019)

A paleogenetic perspective of the Sabana de Bogotá (Northern South America) population history over the Holocene (9000–550 cal BP). Delgado, M., Rodríguez, F., Kassadjikova, K., & Fehren-Schmitz, L. (2020). Quaternary International. In Press, Journal Pre-proof

Integration of ancient DNA with transdisciplinary dataset finds strong support for Inca resettlement in the south Peruvian coast. Bongers, J. L., Nakatsuka, N., O’Shea, C., Harper, T. K., Tantaleán, H., Stanish, C., & Fehren-Schmitz, L. (2020). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene. Sikora, M., Pitulko, V.V., Sousa, V.C. et al. Nature 570, 182–188 (2019)

A Minimally Destructive Protocol for DNA Extraction from Ancient Teeth. Harney, É., Cheronet, O., Fernandes, D. M., Sirak, K., Mah, M., Bernardos, R., … & Oppenheimer, J. (2020). bioRxiv

A dynamic 6,000-year genetic history of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe. Jeong, C., Wang, K., Wilkin, S., Taylor, W. T. T., Miller, B., Ulziibayar, S., … & Kradin, N. (2020). bioRxiv

Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China. Cui, Y., Li, H., Ning, C. et al., BMC Evol Biol 13, 216 (2013)

Mitochondrial lineage A2ah found in a pre‐Hispanic individual from the Andean region.  Russo, M. G., Dejean, C. B., Avena, S. A., Seldes, V., & Ramundo, P. (2018). American Journal of Human Biology, 30(4), e23134.

A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes. Nakatsuka et al, Cell, May 7, 2020

Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty. Kennett et al, Nature Communications (February 2017)

New Evidence of Ancient Mitochondrial DNA of the Southern Andes (Calchaqui Valleys, Northwest Argentina, 3,600-1,900 Years before Present). Parolin et al, Human Biology, (Fall 2019) Vol 91, No. 4, pages 225-247

Biological kinship in 750 year old human remains from Central Argentina with signs of interpersonal violence. Nores et al, Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology, September 11, 2020

The Role of Selection in the Evolution of Human Mitochondrial Genomes, Kivisild et al, Genetics January 1, 2006, Volume 172, Issue 1

Please note that submissions styled with the researcher’s surname and no paper date, such as “Chippewa – Perego” are from GenBank submissions and are cited as recorded at GenBank.

Page History

  • Updated September 26, 2014
  • Updated December 6, 2014 – Anzick data, please note that I only added extracted information for haplogroups where no academic publication had previously identified the haplogroup as Native
  • Updated December 7, 2014 – GenBank submissions utilizing Ian Logan’s GenBank by Haplogroup Program and Haplogroup A, A2, A4, B, C, D, M and X projects at Family Tree DNA
  • Updated January 2, 2015 – added kit numbers to 2014 Anzick extracted data
  • Updated January 8, 2015 with haplogroups from Dryomov et al, Chatters et al
  • Updated January 9, 2015 with Anzick extraction, including the number of results for each haplogroup.  In the previous Anzick extraction, I only added haplogroups that were not identified previously in academic papers.  In this extraction, I included all haplogroup A. B, C, D, M and X that were not excluded based on e-mail communications with kit owners that would exclude their results based on their family genealogy or geography.
  • Updated April 29, 2015 with results of 2015 Raff study, Estes, Haplogroup A4 Unpeeled study, Raff and Bolnick 2014 and a few private test results
  • Updated May 20, 2015 with A10 results from Pilipenko 015
  • Updated June 19, 2015 with Kennewick Man and results from Chatters paper
  • Updated June 30, 2015 with Fehren-Schmitz paper
  • Updated July 4, 2015 with Malaspinas paper regarding full genome sequencing of Botocudo
  • Updated July 12, 2015 haplogroup C1b7 and C1b7a information
  • Updated November 11, 2015 with Tackney, 2015 and Gomez-Carbala, 2015, information
  • Updated February 2, 2015, X2a Estes paper and C4c1 American Indian Project
  • Updated August 30, 2016 Botocudo Remains
  • Updated September 14, 2016, haplogroup X2b4
  • Updated January 16, 2017 with Sevini’s haplogroups from Gran Chaco, Argentina
  • Updated February 25, 2017 with Kennett’s B2y1 haplogroup from Kennett’s paper
  • Updated February 28, 2017 Monterey, California burials by Breschini and Haversat
  • Updated March 3, 2017 with de Saint Pierre, 2012
  • Updated March 3, 2017 to bulletized format
  • Updated March 3, 2017 with New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups by Estes
  • Updated March 26, 2017 added haplogroup B2r
  • Updated April 27, 2017 to add Llamas 2016 ancient DNA sequences
  • Updated April 27, 2017 to add Fagundes (2008), Ingman (2000), Just (2008), Perego (2009), Hartmann (2009), Perego (2010), Bodner (2012), Cardoso (2012), Achilli (2013)
  • Updated January 9, 2018 to add Gomez-Carballa 2015 Figure 2 C1b clades
  • Updated February 4, 2018 to add ancient locations from Cui 2008 paper and all references from Tackney 2015 paper
  • Updated August 5, 2019 to add locations from Brandini 2017 paper
  • Updated January 2020, added information about B5b2, B5b2a
  • Updated October 25, 2020, added Cherokee B2o
  • Updated March and April 2021 with sources and additional haplogroup A and subgroup

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Disclosure

I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Thank you so much.

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Genealogy Research

Why DNA Test?

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puzzle pieces

Sometimes I receive a question that just stops me in my tracks.  This past week, when a very experienced genealogist ask me “Why do you guys DNA test anyway?,” I was so dumbstruck as to be almost speechless.  Well, almost, but not quite, and I recovered quickly.

I did manage to stifle the urge to say “because we can,” but there would have been some truth in that statement.

For me, DNA testing is just a fact of life, ingrained into every molecule of my being, so I had to think a bit before answering.

Why do we do this anyway???

  1. Because we can!  Ok, I just had to say it, to get it out of my system.  But in reality, it’s true, because you don’t know what you don’t know.  And it’s low hanging fruit.  For between $49 and $99, at Family Tree DNA you can take a multitude of tests, but primarily  Y DNA, mitochondrial DNA and autosomal.  And with that, you can find out what it is that you don’t know.  The story of “Finding Anne Marie” is the perfect example. In fact, it has been turned into a book.
  2. We test to discover if we are related paternally (Y-DNA) to others of the same or similar surnames.  This also means that we can eliminate researching any lines that you don’t match.  So we do it so we can stop barking up the wrong tree, and hopefully, bark up the right one.  This article about Triangulation for Y DNA talks about surname matching.  This paternal Y test was one of the first and is still probably the primary DNA genealogy test done today.
  3. We can test relationship theories.  For example, let’s say that we don’t know who the father of our ancestor is, but there are 4 male candidates, all brothers, in the county at the time our ancestor was born.  Certainly, being rabid genealogists, we’ve already done the genealogy work, like check tax records, census schedules, church records and anything local, but now we need big guns because those resources didn’t reveal parentage.   This story about the Perez family in Guam and in Hawaii illustrates this beautifully and uses both Y DNA in combination with autosomal.  In the case of the 4 brothers above, we can search for their wives surnames in our matches and see if we can identify which couple by using the wive’s lines’ DNA.
  4. We test to find out about our ancient ancestry.  What “clan” or haplogroup did we come from?  There are a number of tests we can take to discover if we are Native American, for example, or African.  Some tests, like the autosomal tests, look back only a few generations, so they are broad, not deep, and some, like the Y and mitochondrial tests are very deep, going back hundreds of generations, but not broad at all, focusing like a laser beam on only that one specific direct line.  This article about “Proving Native American Ancestry Using DNA” tells about the various kinds of tests and how they can help with genealogy.
  5. We test to create a DNA pedigree chart that parallels and integrates with our genealogy pedigree chart.  Every ancestor and their DNA has an ancient story to tell that would be silenced without DNA.  In essence, we recover ancestry otherwise lost to us. How else would you ever find out that you descend from Vikings or Niall of the 9 Hostages?
  6. We test to better understand our genesis.  For example, we want to map our chromosomes to know which one came from which ancestor.  Ok, maybe number 6 only applies to geeky genealogists – but there appear to be a lot of us out there.  Kitty Cooper’s new mapping tool is quite popular.
  7. We test to find our family.  Just today, I “met” a cousin I match autosomally  and we discovered that we have some of the same “coureur du bois” stories in our Acadian families.  The difference is that she knew what they were, and I didn’t.  Click – that’s the sound of a puzzle piece falling into place.
  8. Some people test to prove paternity, or find biological parents or siblings.  Over the past couple of years, several great adoption tools and groups have been formed as we’ve learned to work more effectively with autosomal DNA.
  9. We test because it’s fun.  It adds another dimension and several more tools to the addiction we love, genealogy.
  10. Some test to discover more about their health traits.  For some, this health information is just a side benefit, but you never know when that health information will have a profound influence on your life.
  11. Some people want to participate in scientific research.  This is probably not a primary reason to test, but it does motivate a lot of people and this is one field where an individual can still actively participate and make a difference, sometimes a huge difference.
  12. Some people, like Lenny Trujillo, want to leave a legacy and what a legacy he has left.  This is one of the most common reasons people order the Personalized DNA Reports.  In some cases, their DNA line ends with them, but in others, it’s a way of leaving information for future generations.  Many people have these reports bound and give them as family-wide gifts.
  13. We test because we want to find the location in Europe, or wherever “the old country” is for our family, that our immigrant ancestors came from.  The Speaks family is a great example.  The American group had tested and confirmed the DNA of the original immigrant, but we didn’t know where the Speaks family came from, although we believed they immigrated from England.  Another Speaks family member, from Australia, tested, and matched the American group.  The difference was that our Australian cousin knew exactly where his English ancestor was from.  Through DNA testing, we found the home of our Speaks family in Gisburn, Lancashire, England.  You can read about it in “The Speak Family – 3 Continents and a Dash of Luck.”
  14. We want to prove or disprove our oral history.  In many cases, that history includes some type of minority admixture.  By minority, I mean not our primary ethnicity.  In the series, “The Autosomal Me,” I described in agonizing detail how to use tiny bits of DNA to do just that, and to identify which family lines contributed that minority admixture.  In my case, both Native and African.  Native had always been a part of our family’s oral history, but the African was initially a surprise.
  15. We test because we’re curious about where we came from, who we are related to, what they know about our ancestors that we might not.  As I’ve said before, “It’s About the Journey.”  Inquiring minds want to know…..

And it all starts with a DNA test!

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Disclosure

I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Thank you so much.

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Mexican Women’s Mitochondrial DNA Primarily Native American

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Amy Tilden

 Mitatwe’eptes (aka Amy Tilden) – Nez Perce – circa 1910

In the paper, “Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins,” Kumar et al provide a piece of information I find extremely interesting.

“For mtDNA variation, some studies have measured Native American, European and African contributions to Mexican and Mexican American populations, revealing 85 to 90% of mtDNA lineages are of Native American origin, with the remainder having European (5-7%) or African ancestry (3-5%). Thus the observed frequency of Native American mtDNA in Mexican/Mexican Americans is higher than was expected on the basis of autosomal estimates of Native American admixture for these populations i.e. ~ 30-46%. The difference is indicative of directional mating involving preferentially immigrant men and Native American women. This type of genetic asymmetry has been observed in other populations, including Brazilian individuals of African ancestry, as the analysis of sex specific and autosomal markers has revealed evidence for substantial European admixture that was mediated mostly through men. In our 384 completely sequenced Mexican American mitochondrial genomes, 12 (3.1%) are of African ancestry belonging to haplogroups L0a1a’3’, L2a1, L3b, L3d and U6a7; 52 (13.6%) belong to European haplogroups HV, JT, U1, U4, U5; and K and the majority (320, 83.3%) are of Native American ancestry.”

If you have Mexican ancestry or your direct matrilineal line, meaning your mother’s mother’s mother’s line, on up the direct maternal line, please test your mitochondrial DNA, here, and join the American Indian project at Family Tree DNA.

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Disclosure

I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Thank you so much.

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Genealogy Research

Black, White or Red – Changing Colors

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henry finding your roots

The Root recently published the article, “Did My White Ancestor Become Black?”, written by Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Eileen Pironti.  We all know who Henry is from his PBS Series, Finding Your Roots.

America is the great mixing bowl of the world, with Native American, European and African people living in very close proximity for the past 400 years.  Needless to say, on the subject of admixture and race, things are not always what they seem.

Henry Gates sums it up quite well in his article, regardless of what your ancestor looked like, or your family looks like today, “the only way to ascertain the ethnic mixture of your own ancestry is to take an admixture test from Family Tree DNA, 23andMe or Ancestry.com.”

Interestingly enough, in an earlier issue of The Root, Henry talks about how black are Black Americans.

In that article, Henry provides this information.

* According to Ancestry.com, the average African American is 65 percent sub-Saharan African, 29 percent European and 2 percent Native American.

* According to 23andme.com, the average African American is 75 percent sub-Saharan African, 22 percent European and only 0.6 percent Native American.

* According to Family Tree DNA.com, the average African American is 72.95 percent sub-Saharan African, 22.83 percent European and 1.7 percent Native American.

* According to National Geographic’s Genographic Project, the average African American is 80 percent sub-Saharan African, 19 percent European and 1 percent Native American.

The message is, of course, that you never know.  Jack Goins, Hawkins County, Tennessee archivist,  is the perfect example.  Jack is the patriarch of Melungeon research.  His Goins family was Melungeon, from Hawkins County, Tennessee.  Jack founded the Melungeon DNA projects several years ago which resulted in a paper, co-authored by Jack (along with me, Janet Lewis Crain and Penny Ferguson), cited by Henry Louis Gates in his above article along with an associated NPR interview, titled “Melungeons, A Multiethnic Population.”

jack goins melungeon

Jack, shown above with the photo of his Melungeon ancestors, looks white today.  His family claimed both Portuguese and Indian heritage.  His ancestors and family members in the 1840s were prosecuted for voting, given that they were “people of color.”

But Jack’s Y DNA, providing us with his paternal link to his Goins male lineage, is African.  No one was more shocked at this information than Jack.  Jack’s autosomal DNA testing confirms his African heritage, along with lots of European and a smidgen of Native in some tests.

When in doubt, test your DNA and that of selected relatives to document your various lines, creating your own DNA pedigree chart.  For a broad spectrum picture of your DNA and ethnicity across of all of your heritage, autosomal DNA testing is the way to go.  Without all of these tools, neither Jack nor Henry would ever have known their own personal truth.

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Disclosure

I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Thank you so much.

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Happy First Blogiversary

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may you live in interesting times

Today is the first anniversary of the launch of www.dna-explained.com.  In a way it seems like just yesterday and in another way, it seems like DNA-explained has been a part of my life forever.  One thing is for sure, it’s been a very interesting year!

So now, I’m going to tell you a secret.

I was going to retire early and write a book.  I was going to have time on my hands.  I was going to work on my own genealogy and share the journey of what I learned.  I was going to weed my garden.  Are you laughing now?  Holding your sides?  Well, if so, you clearly understand just how unrealistic that expectation was.

I have less, much less, time now than ever.  My little part-time retirement job overtook my original career, and then some.  I’ve never worked harder, had less sleep, nor loved it more.  Is sleep really a necessity?  Seems like so much wasted time.  Spoken like a true genealogist!

Genetic genealogy is the marriage of my two passions, genealogy and science.  I spent my entire career on the very exciting edge of technology, first communications research and discovery, then mapping and specialized software.  Genetic genealogy isn’t much different actually, except it’s more bleeding edge (some days) than leading edge and it’s much more personal and fulfilling.  Not only have I learned volumes about my own ancestors – things there was no prayer of knowing even a decade ago – but I get to help others on that journey too.  Not only that, but I’ve gotten to be personally involved in scientific discovery.  I can’t imagine a better place to be!

And no, I’m not writing a DNA book.  Well, actually, I am, soft of – but just in a different way.  Blogs are the way of the future – so is electronic communication.  The problem with books about fast-moving and highly technical topics is that they move on and change so rapidly that tomorrow, literally, your book can be out of date and you have no way to update it.  Just what I don’t need is another box of boat-anchors in my office.

Not long ago, someone on the ISOGG Facebook page asked for a list of books and someone replied, “forget the books, read the blogs.”  I don’t want to invest the effort into one of those “forgotten books” when the blogosphere beckons and is so much more friendly towards photos, graphics, color and change.  It’s also a lot more personal and flexible.  And it lets me interact with you and vice versa .

So how have we done this first year?  As of yesterday, we surpassed 2100 subscribers and that doesn’t count all of the RSS feed, Facebook and Twitter followers.  My husband bet me I’d have 2000 by summer and I said I wouldn’t.  Good thing I didn’t bet much, because I was wrong.  Thanks to all of you.  Sometimes being wrong is a good thing!

This is the 162nd posting, so about one every other day.  I had goaled one a week.

There have been a total of about 2700 “real” comments and are you ready for this, almost 29,000 spam ones.  No, that is not a typo.  Yes, I do use a spam filter, but I still approve every single comment that is posted – and now you know why.  The spam filter doesn’t catch them all, because spammers are crafty!

In total, the articles are “tagged” in 81 different categories so you can find them by searching.  One of the articles I’ll be writing soon will tell you how to use and search blogs more efficiently, including this one!

http://www.dna-explained.com has had a total of 249,545 views, nearly a quarter million and that doesn’t count the 2100+ people who receive postings via e-mail and RSS.  We average just over 1000 hits per day now.  Wow!

What is the most popular category of blog articles visited?  Autosomal DNA.

How about the most popular article?  Big News! Probable New Native American Haplogroup.  That shocked me.  For a long time, the most popular article had been the kickoff of the Geno 2.0 announcement, National Geographic – Geno 2.0 Announcement – The Human Story published on July 25, 2012.  Older articles have more time to amass hits – and the haplogroup article was just published June 27th.  Indeed it does seem to be big news and is of interest to lots of people.

One of my reasons for creating this blog was as a matter of self-defense.  I receive a lot of inquiries through my various list memberships.

So I decided that if I wrote the answers to the most frequently asked questions, well, including graphics and pictures (which really are worth 1000 words), once, I could use that document to answer people’s questions, over and over again.  The good news is, so can you.  What are the most commonly asked questions and the pages I use to answer them?

  1. What can DNA testing do for me?  That is such a basic question and the answer could be that book I didn’t write.  I use the article 4 Kinds of DNA for Genetic Genealogy to answer this one.
  2. I think my ancestor was Native American and I want to prove it.  This question also has other variants like, proving which tribe, joining a tribe, getting benefits and free education.  I refer people to the article Proving Native American Ancestry Using DNA.
  3. I’m adopted, or I don’t know who my father is, and I want to use DNA testing to find my parents/ancestry.  This is also relevant for people who discover an undocumented adoption in their line that “interferes” with the genealogy they thought they knew.  For this answer, I use I’m Adopted and I Don’t Know Where to Start.  This article, along with many others, links within the article to other resources as well.
  4. What can autosomal testing do for me?  If I had a dollar for every time I’ve received some flavor of this question, I’d be really retired and on that World Cruise!  The article I use for this is Autosomal Basics.
  5. And then the companion question to the one above, my autosomal results are back – what do I do with them now?  For this one, I refer people to the summary article for The Autosomal Me series.  While it is focused on a particular challenge for me, minority Native admixture, the tools and techniques are relevant for everyone.

We’ve had an awesome first year, thanks to all of you, and I’m looking forward to even more breakthroughs and findings in year two.  I love sharing your stories and victories too and always appreciate tips and hints pointing out genetic genealogy items of interest.  I have some fun articles planned for this upcoming year and there are discoveries on the horizon, so stay tuned!!!

And indeed, may we all continue to live in very interesting times!

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Disclosure

I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Thank you so much.

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5,500 Year Old Grandmother Found Using DNA

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Members of the Metlakatla First Nation Community near Prince Rupert, BC who collaborated with an international team of scientists in a genetic study of aboriginal people, including excavated remains that link them to their 5,500 year old Grandmother.  Photograph/handout courtesy of the Metlakatla Treaty Office.

Over the past decade or so, there has been a lot of debate about tribal participation in DNA testing.  Without getting into the politics of the situation which is deep and dangerous water, many tribes see absolutely no possibility that DNA testing could help them, and a significant potential that it might hurt them, one way or another.

For example, we know that the Eastern tribes were heavily admixed with Europeans quite early and we know that the Southwest tribes are equally admixed with the Spanish.  Yet, they are still Native tribes, carrying on the Native customs and cultures, including their own creation and other sacred stories.

Let’s say that a few tribal members test, and their DNA turns out not to be Native, but is European, or African.  Granted, the DNA would only be representative of one genealogical line, either the direct paternal (surname) line for males and the direct maternal line for both males and females, but still, if you expect Native and you get something else – it could be bothersome, and perhaps troublesome.  Add to that a historical situation filled with distrust for a government that routinely broke treaties and you have a situation where tribes would just as soon not open Pandora’s box, thank you very much.

However, not all tribes think this way.  For the past several years, people from Canada’s First Nations tribes have been working with scientists not only to test their DNA, but that of their ancestors as well.  Recently, a paper was published detailing the findings, but those findings didn’t really say much about the effects of the results on the currently living people and tribes involved.

The Vancouver Sun recently carried a human interest story focused on the Metlakatla First Nation Community and the people who were found to be related to the 5,500 year old bones that DNA was extracted from.

The people involved who descend from either this woman or a common ancestor with her are thrilled to be able to make that connection from some 220 generations ago, to be able to honor her as their Grandmother, and the connection cements the fact that these people’s ancestors were indeed on this same land at least 5,500 years ago, not far from where they live today.

This kind of information has great potential to help the tribes involved with land claims and treaty rights.  These deep rooted links to the region simply cannot be denied.  So the First Nations people stand to benefit, the people who match the Grandmother are thrilled, science benefits and they have the ability to confirm their own stories told by the Ancestors for centuries, indeed, for thousands of years.  Sounds like a win-win situation to me.

Congratulations to these First Nations people for this wonderful link to a Grandmother, for their brave participation and leadership role in scientific study, and for not being afraid of finding the truth, whatever it is.  The Ancestors would be proud of you!

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I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

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Ancient DNA Analysis From Canada

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malhi ripan in lab

Recently a new academic paper focused on Native American ancestry hit the news.  Ripan Malhi’s molecular anthropology and ancient DNA lab at the University of Illinois, shown above, in Urbana, Illinois has successfully extracted DNA from remains of individuals whose bones were found in an ancient trash heap in British Columbia and has successfully matched the DNA with living people today, confirming of course that today’s people were related to these ancient people and are a part of the same base population that lived there 5000-6000 years ago and remains today.

malhi paper map

Ripan’s paper, “Ancient DNA Analysis of Mid-Holocene Individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America Reveals Different Evolutionary Paths for Mitogenomes” discusses this in detail.  If you’re not up to this level of detail, a nice article in LiveScience covers the discovery as well.

Ripan has successfully connected the dots between the fossilized remains and currently living members of several Native tribes local to the region where the bones were found.

As part of this study, three new mitochondrial haplogroups were discovered in the Native population.  Two haplogroups, A2ag and A2ah are found alive and well today.  However, another, D4h3a7 has only been found one other time, in remains found in a cave in Alaska, and may have gone extinct.  It has not been found in living people to date, although a lot of people have yet to be tested.

The area where the remains were found is indigenous to the Tsimshian, Haida and Nisga’a tribes.

Today, local tribes are participating in additional research with Dr. Malhi in order to better understand their ancestry and to see if the genetic data supports their extensive oral history which suggests multiple migration waves from Asia into the Americas within the past 5000 years.

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I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

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Big News! Probable Native American Haplogroup Breakthrough

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We are on the verge of another new and very exciting discovery, but we need funding to finish the research.  Let me tell you about what’s going on and maybe you’ll decide to be a part of this new discovery by making a contribution.

It’s not everyday that someone gets the opportunity to make a significant contribution to scientific discovery.  But you have that opportunity today.

I believe a new Native American haplogroup has been discovered.  We have strong evidence, but we need to finish testing on a group of people for the final proof.  People whose DNA results qualify for testing have been notified, and several are ready and willing to have their results upgraded, but don’t have the funding.  I’ve funded some, and I’ve used contributed funds I’ve squirreled away from past donations, and now I’m reaching out in the hopes that together we can collaboratively make this happen.

Most of you know that I’m a long time researcher in both the genetic genealogy and Native American fields, particularly where they intersect.  I’ve being involved with genetic genealogy since the beginning and am tri-racial myself, descended from multiple Native ancestors and tribes.  I write the Personal DNA Reports for Family Tree DNA, own www.dnaexplain.com and write the free blogs, www.dna-explained.com and www.nativeheritageproject.com.   You can verify anything in this article directly with Bennett Greenspan, the President of Family Tree DNA at bcg@familytreedna.com.  In fact, Bennett is both aware and supportive of this DNA testing endeavor and has offered reduced test pricing for a short time to facilitate this discovery process.

By the way, this is not the first time this has happened.  I was also involved with a similar discovery in December 2010.  You can read about that discovery at this link.  http://dna-explained.com/2012/09/11/lenny-trujillo-the-journey-of-you/

Ok, now that you know who I am and why I care, let me tell you about the discovery.

Discovery of a New Native American Haplogroup

To date, only 5 female Native American base haplogroups, or clans, have been discovered.   A, B, C, D and X.  Within these haplogroups are subgroups, and not all subgroups in each haplogroup are Native American.  Some are Asian and European.  In fact, in haplogroup A, which is the haplogroup being studied in this project, only subgroup A2 has been confirmed to be Native American – until now.

Recently, I was working with a client’s DNA, writing a Personal DNA Report, and I realized, based on her information and that of some of the people she matched, that a subgroup of haplogroup A4 is also very likely Native American.

For Native American history, this is a big discovery.  But we need more information.  We need to proof.  How can we do that?

Advanced Testing

We need to test people in haplogroup A who are predicted to fall into this new Native American haplogroup at the full sequence level.  Mitochondrial DNA testing falls into three levels.  The highest level, the full sequence level is the one that tests the entire mitochondria and is required to obtain a full haplogroup assignment.  In other words, if you don’t test the full sequence, you’ll know that you are haplogroup A, but you’ll never know if you are A2, A4 or A10 for that matter.

Of people who have tested only at the lower levels, we have identified a small group of people who we believe will test to be haplogroup A4 or a subgroup based on some specific mutations.  Bennett Greenspan has offered discount testing for the upgraded test through July 5th.

Some people have been able to pay for their own upgrade, but not all, and I certainly don’t want the lack of funds to impede the discovery and proof of a new haplogroup.  This is akin to raising the history of this group of Native people from the dead, from the dust where some of our history and people have been lost until now.

We need several hundred dollars in total.  If everyone that we’d like to test participates, it will cost more than $2000.  You can contribute directly to the haplogroup A4 mtDNA project at Family Tree DNA and the funds will be used directly for this testing.  Every little bit helps – no amount is too small.  You can contribute in memory of someone, anonymously, or however you wish.

http://www.familytreedna.com/group-general-fund-contribution.aspx?g=mtDNA-A4a

In a few months, we’ll let you know the outcome of this testing and what we discover, right here.  I can hardly wait!

Thank you in advance for your support.

Roberta Estes

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Disclosure

I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Thank you so much.

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