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Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups

Roberta Estes

Today, what I’m sharing with you are my research notes.  If you follow my blogs, you’ll know that I have a fundamental, lifelong interest in Native American people and am mixed blood myself.  I feel that DNA is just one of the pieces of history that can be recovered and has a story to tell, along with early records, cultural artifacts and oral history.

In order to work with Native American DNA, and the various DNA projects that I co-administer, it’s necessary to keep a number of lists and spreadsheets.  This particular list was originally the first or earliest reference or references to a Native American mitochondrial (maternal line) haplogroup where it is identified as Native in academic papers.  I have since added other resources as I’ve come across them.

For those wondering why I’ve listed Mexican, this article speaks to the very high percentage of Native American mitochondrial DNA in the Mexican population.

Please note that while some of these haplogroups are found exclusively among Native American people, others are not and are also found in Europe and/or Asia.  In some cases, branches are exclusively Native.  In other cases, we are still sorting through the differences.  For haplogroups though to be only Native, I have put any other submission information, which is often from Siberia.

I have labeled the major founding haplogroups, as such.  This graphic from the paper, “Beringian Standstill and the Spread of Native American Founders” by Tamm et al, provided the first cumulative view of the mitochondrial Native founder population.

Haplogroups A, B, C, D and X are known as Native American haplogroups, although not all subgroups in each main haplogroup are Native, so one has to be more specific.

Please note that I am adding information from haplogroup projects at Family Tree DNA.  This information is self-reported and should only be utilized with confidence after confirming the accuracy of the information.

Please note that in earlier papers and projects, not all results may have been tested to the full sequence level, so results in base haplogroups, like A and B, for example, may well fall into subclades with additional testing.

The protocol and logic for adding the Anzick results for consideration, along with other evidence is discussed in this article.  In short, for the 12,500 year old Anzick specimen to match any currently living people at relatively high thresholds, meaning 5cM or over, the living individual would likely have to be heavily Native.  Most matches are from Mexico, Central America and South America.  Many mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are subgroups of known Native groups, but never before documented as Native.  Therefore, the protocol I followed for inclusion was any subgroup of haplogroups A, B, C, D, M or X.  Some individuals are unhappy that some haplogroups were among the Anzick results and that I have not removed them at their request, in particular, M23.  To arbitrarily remove a haplogroup listing would be a breach of the protocol I followed.  Research does not always provide what is expected.  I have includes links to notes where appropriate.

Phylotree Versions

The Phylotree is the document that defines the mutations that equate to haplogroup names.

Please note that most papers don’t indicate which version of the Phylotree they used when sequencing the DNA. Haplogroup names sometimes change with new versions of the Phylotree.  Phylotree builds occurred as follows:

Family Tree DNA updated from build 14 to 17 in March 2017.

As of April 2017, 23andMe is still utilizing Build 12 from 2011.

Roberta’s Native Mitochondrial DNA Notes

Haplogroup A

A

Many samples classified as haplogroup A, with no subgroup, were not tested beyond the HVR1 or HVR1+HVR2 regions. Most, but not all, people will receive more granular haplogroups if the full mitochondrial sequence test is taken.

Ancient A

A-T152C!

A1

A1a

A2

Ancient A2

A2a and A2b

A2a

Ancient A2a

A2aa

A2ab

A2ac

A2ac1

A2ac2

A2ad

A2ac

A2am

A2ar

A2a1

A2a2

Ancient A2a2

A2a3

Ancient A2a3

A2a4

A2a5

A2ab

A2ac

A2ac1

A2ad

A2ae

A2af

A2af1a

A2af1a1

A2af1a2

A2af1b1

A2af2

A2ag

A2ah

A2ai

A2ak

A2al

A2am

A2ao

A2ao1

A2ap

A2aq

A2ar

A2as

A2as1

A2at

A2at1

A2au

A2av

A2av1

A2av1a

A2aw

A2b

A2b1

A2c

A2c-C64T

A2d

A2d1

A2d1a

A2d2

A2e

A2f

A2f1

A2f1a

A2f2

A2f3

A2g

A2g1

A2-G153A!

A2 – G16129A!

A2h

A2h1

A2i

A2j

A2j1

A2k

A2k1

A2k1a

A2l

A2m

A2n

A2p

A2p1

A2q

A2q1

A2r

A2r1

A2t

A2-T16111C!

A2u

A2u1

A2u2

A2v

A2v1

A2v1a

A2v1b

A2v1-T152C!!!

A2w

A2w1

A2x

A2y

A2y1

A2z

A2z1

A2z2

A2-C64T

A2-C64T-A189G (please note that under Build 17, most of haplogroup A2 has been reassigned)

A2-C64T-T16111C! (please note that in Build 17, this haplogroup is now A2-T16111C!)

A3

A4 (Please note that in Build 17, people previously assigned A4 were reassigned to other haplogroups based on their mutations, including haplogroups A, A18, A2-T16111C!, A2-G153A!, A-T152C!, A-T152C!-A200G, A A2ao, A2q1, A12a and possibly others. Haplogroup A4 itself no longer exists.)

A4a (please note that in Build 17, A4a became A1)

A4a1 (please note that in Build 17, A4a1 became A1a)

A4b (please note that in Build 17, A4b became A12a)

A4c (Please note that in Build 17, A4c became A13)

A5

A5a

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

A11

A12

A12a

A13

Haplogroup B

B

B1

B2

B2a

B2aa

B2aa1

B2aa1a

B2aa2

B2ab

B2ab1

B2ab1a

B2ab1a1

B2ac

B2ad

B2ae

B2ag

B2ag1

B2ah

B2a1

B2a1a

B2a1a1

B2a1b

B2a2

B2a3

B2a4

B2a4a

B2a4a1

B2a5

B2b

B2b1

B2b2

B2b2a

B2b3

B2b3a

B2b4

B2b5

B2b5a

B2b5a1

B2b5b

B2b5b1

B2b5b1a

B2b5b1a1

B2b6a

B2b6a1

B2b6a1a

B2b6b

B2b6b1

B2b6b1a

B2b7

B2b8

B2b8a

B2b9

B2b9a

B2b9b

B2b9c

B2b10a

B2b10b

B2b11

B2b11a

B2b11a1

B2b11a1a

B2b11b

B2b11b1

B2b12a

B2b12b

B2b13

B2c

B2c1

B2c1a

B2c1b

B2c1c

B2c2

B2c2a

B2c2b

B2d

B2e

B2f

B2g

B2g1

B2g2

B2h

B2i2

B2i2a1a

B2i2b

B2i2b1

B2j

B2k

B2l

B2l1

B2l1a

B2l1a1

B2m

B2n

B2o

B2o1

B2o1a

B2p

B2q

B2q1

B2q1a

B2q1a1

B2q1b

B2r (Phylotree V17)

B2s

B2t

B2u

B2v

B2w

B2y

B2y1

B2y2

B2z

B2z1

B2z1a

B2-T16311C!

B4

B4a1a

B4a1a1

B4a1a1a

B4a1b

B4a1b1

B4b

B4b1

B4bd

B4c1b

B4f1

B4’5

B5b2

B5b2a

B5b2a2

B5b3

B2e

B21

Haplogroup C

C

C1

C1a

C1b

C1b1

C1b1a

C1b1b

C1bi

C1b2

C1b2a

C1b2a1

C1b2b

C1b3

C1b4

C1b5

C1b5a

C1b5b

C1b6

C1b7

C1b7a

C1b7a1

C1b7b

C1b8

C1b8a

C1b8a1

C1b9

C1b9a

C1b10

C1b10a

C1b11

C1b11a1

C1b11b1

C1b12

C1b12a

C1b13

C1b13a

C1b13a1

C1b13a1a

C1b13b

C1b13c

C1b13c1

C1b13c2

C1b13d

C1b13e

C1b14

C1b11

C1b15

C1b15a

C1b16

C1b17

C1b18

C1b19

C1b20

C1b21

C1b21a

C1b22

C1b23

C1b24

C1b25

C1b26a

C1b26a1

C1b27

C1b28

C1b29

C1ba

C1b-T16311C

C1c

C1c1

C1c1a

C1c1b

C1c2

C1c3

C1c4

C1c5

C1c6

C1c7

C1c8

C1c8-A19254G, C16114T

C1d

C1d-C194T

C1d1

C1d1a

C1d1a1

C1d1b

C1d1b1

C1d1c

C1d1c1

C1d1d

C1d1e

C1d1f

C1d2

C1d2a

C1d3

C1d-C194T

C1e

C2

C2b

C4

C4a

C4a1

C4b

C4c

Beringian Founder Haplogroup – 2008 Achilli

C4c1

C4c1a

C4c1b

C4c2

C4e

Haplogroup D

D

D1

D1a

D1a1

D1a1a1

D1a2

D1b

D1c

D1d

D1d1

D1d2

D1f

D1f1

D1f2

D1f3

D1g

D1g1

D1g1a

D1g2

D1g2a

D1g3

D1g4

D1g5

D1g6

D1h

D1i

D1i2

D1j

D1j1a

D1j1a1

D1k

D1k1

D1k1a

D1m

D1n

D1o

D1p

D1q

D1q1

D1r

D1r1

D1s

D1s1

D1t

D1u

D1u1

D2

D2a

D2a1

D2a1a

D2a1b

D2a2

D2b

D2c

D3

D3a2a

D3a2a

D4

D4b1

D4b1a

D4b2a2

D4e1

D4e1a1

D4e1c

D4g1

D4h1a

D4h1a1

D4h1a2

D4h3

D4h3a

D4h3a1

D4h3a1a

D4h3a1a1

D4h3a2

D4h3a3

D4h3a4

D4h3a5

D4h3a6

D4h3a7

D4h3a8

D4h3a9

D4h3a11

D4j

D4j8

D5

D5a2a

D5b1

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

Haplogroup F

F1a1

Haplogroup M

M

M1

M1a

M1a1b

M1a1e

M1b1

M2a3

M3

M5b3e

M7b1’2

M9a3a

M18b

M23

M30c

M30d1

M51

Haplogroup X

X

X2

X2a

X2a1

X2a1a

X2a1a1

X2a1b

X2a1b1

X2a1b1a

X2a1c

X2a2

X2b

X2b-T226C

X2b3

X2b4

X2b5

X2b7

X2c

X2c1

X2c2

X2d

X2e1

X2e2

X2g

X2e

X2e1

X6

MtDNA References

Mitochondiral genome variation and the origin of modern humans, Ingman et al, Natuer 2000, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v408/n6813/full/408708a0.html

Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World, Theodore Schurr, American Scientist, 2000, http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~tgschurr/pdf/Am%20Sci%20Article%202000.pdf

Brief Communication: Haplogroup X Confirmed in Prehistoric North America, Ripan Malhi et al, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2002, http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/34275/10106_ftp.pdf

Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in the Aleuts of the Commander Islands and Its Implications for the Genetic History of Beringia, Olga Derbeneva et al, American Journal of Human Genetics, June 2002, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379174/

High Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas, Zegura et al, Oxford Journals, 2003, http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/1/164.full.pdf

Ancient DNA – Modern Connections: Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California by Gary Breschini and Trudy Haversat published in the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Volume 40, Number 2, (written 2004 although references are later than 2004, printed 2008)

Ancient individuals from the North American Northwest Coast reveal 10,000 years of regional genetic continuity by John Lindo et al, published in PNAS April 2017

Mitochondrial haplogroup M discovered in prehistoric North Americans, Ripan Malhi et al, Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (2007), http://public.wsu.edu/~bmkemp/publications/pubs/Malhi_et_al_2007.pdf

Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders, Erika Tamm et al, PLOS One, September 2007, http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000829

Characterization of mtDNA Haplogroups in 14 Mexican Indigenous Populations, Human Biology, 2007

Achilli A, Perego UA, Bravi CM, Coble MD, et al. (2008) The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies. PLoS ONE 3(3): e1764. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001764 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001764

Complete mitochondrial genome sequences for 265 African American and US “Hispanic” individuals, Forensic Science Int. Genetics, 2 e45-e48, 2008, Just et al

Mitochondrial population genomics supports a single pre-Clovis origin with a coastal route for the peopling of the Americas, American Journal of Human Genetics, 82, 583-592, 2008 Fagundes et al

The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies, Achilli et al, PLOS, March 2008, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001764

Mitochondrial genome diversity in arctic Siberians with particular reference to the evolutionary history of Beringia and Pleistocenic peopling of the Americans, Natalia Volodko, et al, American Journal of Human Genetics, June 2008  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452887

A Reevaluation of the Native American MtDNA Genome Diverstiy and Its Bearing on the Models of Early colonization of Beringia, Fagundes et al, PLOS One, Sept. 2008, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003157

Validation of microarray-based resequencing of 93 worldwide mitochondrial genomes, Hum. Mutat. 30, 115-122, (2009)H Hartmann et al

Distinctive Paleo-Indian migration routes from Beringia marked by two rare mtDNA haplogroups, Current Biology 19 1-8 (2009) Perego et al

Initial peopling of the Americas: A growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia, Genome Research 20, 1174-1179, 2010 Perego et al

Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins, Kumar et al, Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology, October 2011, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/293

Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins, Kumar et al, 2011, Evolutionary Biology, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/293/

Decrypting the Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Modern Panamanians, Ugo Perrego, et al, PLOS One, June 2012, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038337

An Alternative Model for the Early Peopling of Southern South America Revealed by Analyses of Three Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, de Saint Pierre et al, 2012, PLOS

Rapid coastal spread of first Americans: Novel insights from South America’s Southern Cone mitochondrial genomes, Genome Research 22, 811-820, 2012, Bodner et al

Arrival of Paleo-Indians to the Southern Cone of South America: New Clues from Mitogenomes, de Saint Pierre et al, Dec. 2012, PLOS

Genetic uniqueness of the Waorani tribe from the Ecuadorian Amazon, Heredity 108, 609-615, 2012, Cardoso et al

Reconciling migration models to the Americas with the variation of North American native mitogenomes, Alessandro Achjilli et al, PNAS Aug. 2013, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/08/1306290110.full.pdf+html

Ancient DNA Analysis of Mid-Holocene Individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America Reveals Different Evolutionary Paths for Mitogenomes, Yinqui Ciu et al, PLOS One, July 2013  http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066948

Identification of Polynesian mtDNA haplogroup in remains of Botocudo Americndians from Brazil, Goncalves et al, 2013, PNAS  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631640/

Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans” by James Chatters et al, May 2014, Science

Genetic roots of the first Americans, Raff and Bolnick, (February 2014), Nature

Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern native Americans by Chatters, et al, Science, Vol 244, May 16, 2014

Two ancient genomes reveal Polynesian ancestry among the indigenous Botocudos of Brazil, by Malaspinas et al, Current Biology, November 2014

Botocudo Ancient Remains from Brazil, by Roberta Estes, July 2015

Two contemporaneious mitogenomes from terminal Pleistocene burials in eastern Beringia, Tackney et al, 2015, PNAS

The complete mitogenome of 500-year old Inca child mummy, 2015, Nature, Gomez-Carballa et al

Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? A Critical Re-Evaluation, 2015, PubMed, Raff and Bolnick

Mitochondrial diversity of Iñupiat people from the Alaskan North Slope provides evidence for the origins of the Paleo- and Neo-Eskimo peoples by Raff et al, (April 17, 2015) American Journal of Physical Anthropology  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22750/
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-04/nu-dsa042715.php

Mitochondrial genome diversity at the Bering Strait area highlights prehistoric human migrations from Siberia to northern North America – Dryomov et al, European Journal of Human Genetics, 2015  

MtDNA Haplogroup A10 Lineages in Bronze Age Samples Suggest That Ancient Autochthonous Human Groups Contributed to the Specificity of the Indigenous West Siberian Population by Pilipenko, et al, PLOS One, 2015

A Reappraisal of the early Andean Human Remains from Lauricocha in Peru by Fehren-Schmitz et al, PLosS ONE 10 (6)(2105)

Ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man by Rasmussen et al, Nature, June 18, 2015

Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas, Llamas et al, Science Advances April 1, 2016 Vol. 2 No. 4, e1501385     http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501385     

Native American Haplogroup X2a – Solutrean, Hebrew or Beringian?, 2016, Estes

X2b4 is European, Not Native American, Estes, September 2016

‘Human mitochondrial genomes reveal population structure and different phylogenies in Gran Chaco (Argentina)’ by Sevini, F., Vianello, D., Barbieri, C., Iaquilano, N., De Fanti, S., Luiselli, D., Franceschi, C. and Franceschi, Z., sequences submitted to GenBank in January 2016 from 2014 unpublished paper

Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty by Kennett et al, 2017, Nature Communications

New Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups by Roberta Estes, March 2, 2017

DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America by M. Thomas P. Gilbert et al, published in Science May 9, 2008

The Paleo-Indian Entry into South America According to Mitogenomes by Brandini, et al, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 35, Issue 2, February 2018, Pages 299–311

Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of the Native American Haplogroups by Elena B. Starikovskaya et al, Annals of Human Genetics, January 2005 (only haplogroup B5 posted above)

Locals, resettlers, and pilgrims: A genetic portrait of three pre‐Columbian Andean populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Baca, M., Molak, M., Sobczyk, M., Węgleński, P., & Stankovic, A. (2014). 154(3), 402-412

“Brief communication: Molecular analysis of the Kwäday Dän Ts’ finchi ancient remains found in a glacier in Canada.” Monsalve, M. Victoria, et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 119.3 (2002): 288-291

Ancient DNA reveals kinship burial patterns of a pre-Columbian Andean community, Baca, M., Doan, K., Sobczyk, M., Stankovic, A., & Węgleński, P. (2012) BMC genetics, 13(1), 30.

Ancient human parallel lineages within North America contributed to a coastal expansion. Scheib, C. L., Li, H., Desai, T., Link, V., Kendall, C., Dewar, G., … & Kerr, S. L. (2018). Science, 360(6392), 1024-1027.

Paleogenetical study of pre‐columbian samples from Pampa Grande (Salta, Argentina), Carnese, F. R., Mendisco, F., Keyser, C., Dejean, C. B., Dugoujon, J. M., Bravi, C. M., … & Crubézy, E. (2010), American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 141(3), 452-462

A re-appraisal of the early Andean human remains from Lauricocha in Peru. Fehren-Schmitz, L., Llamas, B., Lindauer, S., Tomasto-Cagigao, E., Kuzminsky, S., Rohland, N., … & Nordenfelt, S. (2015), PloS one, 10(6), e0127141.

Reconstructing the deep population history of Central and South America. Posth, C., Nakatsuka, N., Lazaridis, I., Skoglund, P., Mallick, S., Lamnidis, T. C., … & Broomandkhoshbacht, N. (2018), Cell, 175(5), 1185-1197.

Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas. Llamas, B., Fehren-Schmitz, L., Valverde, G., Soubrier, J., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., … & Romero, M. I. B. (2016). Science advances, 2(4), e1501385.

A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes. Nakatsuka, N., Lazaridis, I., Barbieri, C., Skoglund, P., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Posth, C., et al. (2020), Cell, 181 (5), 1131-1145.e21.

A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean. Fernandes, D. M., Sirak, K. A., Ringbauer, H., Sedig, J., Rohland, N., Cheronet, O., … & Adamski, N. (2020), bioRxiv

Genomic insights into the early peopling of the Caribbean. Nägele, K., Posth, C., Orbegozo, M. I., de Armas, Y. C., Godoy, S. T. H., Herrera, U. M. G., … & Laffoon, J. (2020). Science.

El análisis genético de paleo-colombianos de Nemocón, Cundinamarca proporciona revelaciones sobre el poblamiento temprano del Noroeste de Suramérica. Díaz-Matallana, M., Gómez Gutiérrez, A., Briceño, I., & Rodríguez Cuenca, J. V. (2016). Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat., 40(156), 461-483.

Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans, Raghavan, M., Steinrücken, M., Harris, K., Schiffels, S., Rasmussen, S., DeGiorgio, M., … & Eriksson, A. (2015). Science, 349(6250).

Early human dispersals within the Americas. Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Vinner, L., de Barros Damgaard, P., De La Fuente, C., Chan, J., Spence, J. P., … & Rasmussen, S. (2018). Science, 362(6419).

Genetic continuity after the collapse of the Wari empire: Mitochondrial DNA profiles from Wari and post‐Wari populations in the ancient Andes. Kemp, B. M., Tung, T. A., & Summar, M. L. (2009). American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 140(1), 80-91

Aportes genéticos para el entendimiento de la organización social de la comunidad Muisca Tibanica (Soacha, Cundinamarca). Pérez, L., 2015. Ph.D. Dissertation, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.

Genetic diversity of a late prehispanic group of the Quebrada de Humahuaca, northwestern Argentina. Mendisco, F., Keyser, C., Seldes, V., Rivolta, C., Mercolli, P., Cruz, P., … & Ludes, B. (2014). Annals of Human Genetics, 78(5), 367-380.

Linajes mitocondriales en muestras de Esquina de Haujra (Jujuy, Argentina): Aportes al estudio de la ocupación incaica en la región y la procedencia de sus habitantes. Russo, M. G., Gheggi, M. S., Avena, S. A., Dejean, C. B., & Cremonte, M. B. (2016).

Linajes maternos en muestras antiguas de la Puna jujeña: Comparación con estudios de la región centrosur andina. Postillone, M. B., Fuchs, M. L., Crespo, C. M., Russo, M. G., Varela, H. H., Carnese, F. R., … & Dejean, C. B. (2017). Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica, 19(1), 3.

Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America. Flegontov, P., Altınışık, N.E., Changmai, P. et al. Nature 570, 236–240 (2019)

A paleogenetic perspective of the Sabana de Bogotá (Northern South America) population history over the Holocene (9000–550 cal BP). Delgado, M., Rodríguez, F., Kassadjikova, K., & Fehren-Schmitz, L. (2020). Quaternary International. In Press, Journal Pre-proof

Integration of ancient DNA with transdisciplinary dataset finds strong support for Inca resettlement in the south Peruvian coast. Bongers, J. L., Nakatsuka, N., O’Shea, C., Harper, T. K., Tantaleán, H., Stanish, C., & Fehren-Schmitz, L. (2020). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene. Sikora, M., Pitulko, V.V., Sousa, V.C. et al. Nature 570, 182–188 (2019)

A Minimally Destructive Protocol for DNA Extraction from Ancient Teeth. Harney, É., Cheronet, O., Fernandes, D. M., Sirak, K., Mah, M., Bernardos, R., … & Oppenheimer, J. (2020). bioRxiv

A dynamic 6,000-year genetic history of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe. Jeong, C., Wang, K., Wilkin, S., Taylor, W. T. T., Miller, B., Ulziibayar, S., … & Kradin, N. (2020). bioRxiv

Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China. Cui, Y., Li, H., Ning, C. et al., BMC Evol Biol 13, 216 (2013)

Mitochondrial lineage A2ah found in a pre‐Hispanic individual from the Andean region.  Russo, M. G., Dejean, C. B., Avena, S. A., Seldes, V., & Ramundo, P. (2018). American Journal of Human Biology, 30(4), e23134.

A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes. Nakatsuka et al, Cell, May 7, 2020

Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty. Kennett et al, Nature Communications (February 2017)

New Evidence of Ancient Mitochondrial DNA of the Southern Andes (Calchaqui Valleys, Northwest Argentina, 3,600-1,900 Years before Present). Parolin et al, Human Biology, (Fall 2019) Vol 91, No. 4, pages 225-247

Biological kinship in 750 year old human remains from Central Argentina with signs of interpersonal violence. Nores et al, Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology, September 11, 2020

The Role of Selection in the Evolution of Human Mitochondrial Genomes, Kivisild et al, Genetics January 1, 2006, Volume 172, Issue 1

Please note that submissions styled with the researcher’s surname and no paper date, such as “Chippewa – Perego” are from GenBank submissions and are cited as recorded at GenBank.

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